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OUTLINE 7VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development
A. Cytoplasmic determinants1. axes of symmetry in amphibians2. bicoid gene in Drosophila
B. Cell communication1. Holtfreter’s work2. mechanisms of cell recognition3. induction
C. Morphogens and pattern formation (chick limb bud)D. Hormones (in amphibian development)
1. pattern of metamorphosis2. role of thyroxin3. evidence
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OUTLINE 6
VI. Morphogenesis
A. General features of gastrulation
B. Cell movement1. extension and contraction2. adhesion
C. Gastrulation in the sea urchin
D. Gastrulation in the frog
E. Three layers of cells1. ectoderm2. mesoderm3. endoderm
F. Neurulation
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Fig. 47.9
Gastrulation in theSea urchin
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Gastrulation in the frogFig. 47.10
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Frog gastrulation (cross section)
QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Fig. 47.16 Changes in cell shape during morphogenesis
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Fig. 47.11
Neurulation in the frog
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Gastrulation and neurulation in the frog
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Determination of axes of symmetry in the frog Fig. 47.7
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Fig. 21.23
Development in the fly
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Fig. 21.24
Determination of anterior -posterior axis in the fly
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ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
1. dissociation
3. resegregation2. reaggragation
Holtfretter 1955
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Spemann and Mangold: an organizer Fig. 47.22
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Pattern formation: the chick limb budFig. 47.24
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Pattern formation: the chick limb budFig. 47.24
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Frog
TerrestrialLungsCarnivorousJumping
Tadpole
AquaticGillsHerbivorousSwimming
metamorphosis
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20 mm 20 mm
Stage 36
O
C
Stage 27
C
O
Stage 42
O
C
Omnivore Carnivore
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Comparison of beaks of spadefoot tadpoles
Omnivore Carnivore
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Comparison of digestive systems of spadefoot tadpoles
Carnivore Omnivore