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Overview of Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates
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Type of Biomolecule
Monomer Functions Elements Examples
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Provide energy
C, H, O1: 2: 1
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Starch (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in plants (e.g., potatoes).
Glycogen (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in liver and muscles. Highly branched.
Cellulose (polysaccharide): Responsible for structure in plants (e.g., broccoli). Not branched. Humans cannot break it down.
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Type of Biomolecule
Monomer Functions Elements Examples
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Provide energy
C, H, O Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Starch (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in plants (e.g., potatoes).
Glycogen (polysaccharide): Used for energy storage in liver and muscles. Highly branched. Cellulose (polysaccharide): Responsible for structure in plant cell walls. Not branched. Humans cannot break it down. Ex: green, leafy vegetables (fiber).
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Lipids
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Type of Biomolecule
Monomer Functions Elements Examples
Lipids None, but major component is fatty acids
Store energy
Major component in cell membrane
C, H, O, and sometimes P
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
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Fatty Acids: The building blocks of all lipidsSaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature (they are straight and stack better). Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature (are bent and do not stack well)
Made of high #s of Carbons and Hydrogens, and few Oxygens
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Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated fatty acids stack and are considered less healthy (causing buildup of plaque arteries).
Unsaturated fatty acids do not stack and are liquid; considered healthier
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Types of lipids
They are all made of fatty acids
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TriglyceridesFats in foods are mostly triglycerides. Made of three fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule. Can be saturated or unsaturated. Stored in body for energy.
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PhospholipidsPhospholipids are important in forming the cell membrane, which surrounds cells and is essential to cellular function.
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CholesterolIs cholesterol good or bad?
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CholesterolA waxy substance made of one fatty acid and four carbon rings.
Provides stability to the plasma membrane.
A steroid (four carbon rings).
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Foods with High Protein
● Largely animal-based (fish, meat, eggs)
● Also plant-based (tofu, beans, nuts)
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Type of Biomolecule
Monomer Functions Elements Examples
Protein Amino Acids
Provide structure
Facilitate chemical reactions
Immunity
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Structural proteins: Keratin in hair, nails
Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions
Antibodies: protect body from infection
Hormones: chemical messengers
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Proteins are polymers (like carbohydrates)
Proteins are made of repeating monomers called amino acids
Two amino acids form a covalent bond by removing water. This bond is called a peptide bond. The product of this reaction is a dipeptide (two amino acids)
Polypeptide is a large molecule made of many amino acids. Poly means “many.”
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20 Types of Amino AcidsThousands of different types of proteins in the body.
Combination/order of amino acids determine the type of protein in a similar way the order of letters determine the meaning of a word (e.g., Dam versus Mad).
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Primary Structure: Order of amino acids results in different primary structure.
Secondary Structure: Molecules twist or form pleated structures depending on primary structure.
Tertiary Structure: Further folding creates globular structure. Shape determines protein’s function.
Quaternary Structure: Two or more tertiary structures come together
The structure of proteins
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What material do you use to build a house?● Wood beams● Glass windows● Metal nails● Shingles for the roof
How do you know what should be placed where?
Blueprints
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Type of Biomolecule
Monomer Functions Elements Examples
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Genetic information
Directs processes in cells
C, H, O, N, and P
DNA (genetic information, “blueprint”)
RNA (helps transfer information from DNA into cell)
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Nucleic AcidsPolymers. Macromolecules that provide instructions for creation of proteins in cells.
DNA and RNA
DNA is passed on from generation to generation.
RNA is made using information in DNA
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Phosphate and sugar groups are always the same. Bases change.
What are nucleotides?
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DNA has the following bases:Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Adenine(C, G, T, A)
RNA has the following bases:Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil, Adenine (C, G, U, A)
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DNA StructureDeoxyribonucleic Acid
Double stranded
Helical (curved)
Double Helix
All living things have DNA
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RNA StructureRibonucleic Acid
Single stranded
Helical (curved)
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Why the name?Nucleic acids originate in the nucleus of cells: hence the name “nucleic”
They have a phosphate group that is acidic.
How many nucleotides are in this picture?
Six
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End