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Photovoltaic Observatory
Q1 2011
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Disclaimer
The information provided in this document has been prepared
by EPIA utilising as sources:
• the “EU-27 PV Subsidy Overview” publication by:
Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH
Chausseestr. 128a
DE-10115 Berlin
• enquiries with national PV industry associations
members of EPIA
This information is not exhaustive, and further details and
clarifications can be obtained by:
• consulting dena’s “EU-27 PV Subsidy Overview”.
You can order it here: http://www.dena.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Download/Dokumente/Publik
ationen/erneuerbare_energien/2010-02-
16_dena_Bestellformular__englisch_.pdf
• contacting the national PV/solar associations
indicated in the references
• consulting the relevant national legislation
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Disclaimer - 2
• The yearly solar electricity generation information provided in
this document is based on PVGIS data recorded between
1981 and 1990.
• More current data from PVGIS, not yet available in country
aggregated format, shows that this information may
underestimate the solar radiation in Europe by 10-20%
depending on the location. For more information, see:
http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/PVGIS_new_features.html
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Contents – Country list
1. Austria
2. Belgium
3. Bulgaria
4. Cyprus
5. Czech Republic
6. Denmark
7. Estonia
8. Finland
9. France
10. Germany
11. Greece
12. Hungary
13. Republic of Ireland
14. Italy
15. Latvia
16. Lithuania
17. Luxembourg
18. Malta
19. Netherlands
20. Poland
21. Portugal
22. Romania
23. Slovenia
24. Slovakia
25. Spain
26. Sweden
27. Switzerland
28. United Kingdom
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 13 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Austria
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 12-18)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
718 1033 1483
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Austria
NOTES
1. The feed-in tariff is attributed only if the competent Austrian Region is willing to co-finance it for 50%. A budget of 2.1 M€ per year limits the attribution of the FiT. Currently the waiting queue is
full until 2014 and the Austrian Government is evaluating a possible increase of the budget.
2. The Austrian Government is currently re-evaluating the support scheme.
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1,2
Building mounted installations Ground mounted Installations
5-20 kWp > 20 kWp 5-20 kWp > 20 kWp
Support [€/kWh]
2011 0,38 0,33 0,35 0,25
Degression Not set
Duration Tariffs are guaranteed for 13 years
Investment grants From 2010
The Climate and Energy Fund (Klima und Energiefonds) provides
grants of 1.300-1.700 €/kWp for investments in grid-connected PV
systems of up to 5 kWp.
Further investment grants are available at regional level.
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
TypeGreen
Certificates/FiTInvestment grants Partially
Duration 10-20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation N/A Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction Yes
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisation
Net-
metering
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes
Belgium
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 19-26), BelPV, edora
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Flanders Walloonia
Minimum Average Maximum
807 834 885
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Brussels and Wallonia
Support Measure Validity
Description
PV System
Type
Support per Region [€/kWh]
Brussels Wallonia
Green Certificates1,2
Duration 10 years 15 years
2011
Up to 20 m² 0.15-0.727
N/AFollowing 40 m² 0.15-0.545
Beyond 60 m² 0.15-0.363
Up to 5 kWp
N/A
0.455-0.700
5 – 10 kWp 0.325-0.500
10 – 250 kWp 0.265-0.408
250-100 kWp kWp 0.150
2012 - Unchanged Unchanged
Tax credits From 2010 all
Private residences (> 5 years): tax reduction of 40% of investment, max
3600€/ year/residence during max 4 years.
Companies: 13.5 % of installation cost deductable from profit tax
VAT reduction From 2010 all Private residences (> 5 years): VAT of 6% instead of 21%
Net-metering From 201o all Possible for installations ≤ 10 kW
NOTES
1. Brussels and Wallonia Regions give several green certificates for the production of 1 MWh from PV. The value of each green certificate for Wallonia and Brussels Regions is around 85 € (begin
2010). The value of green certificate is guaranteed in Wallonia at 65 € for PV systems ≤ 10 kWp. For all Belgium, there is a green certificate purchase guarantee at national level of 15 c€/kWh
during 10 years.
2. Above the revenues of green certificates, the electricity can be consumed by the producer or sold to an electricity supplier.
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Support measures in Flanders
Support Measure Validity
Description
PV Systems below 1 MWpP > 1 MWp
auto consumption ≥ 50%
P > 1 MWp
auto consumption < 50%
Support [€/kWh]
Green Certificates1,2
Duration 20 years 3
Q1 2011 0,330 0,330 0,330
Q2 2011 0,330 0,330 0,330
Q3 2011 0,300 0,240 0,240
Q4 2011 0,270 0,240 0,150
Q1 2012 0,250 0,150 0,090
Q2 2012 0,230 0,150 0,090
Q3 2012 0,210 0,125 0,090
2013 3 0,190 0,090 0,090
2014 3 0,150 0,090 0,090
2015 3 0,110 0,090 0,090
2016 3 0,090 0,090 0,090
Tax credits From 2010
Private residences (owned for more than 5 years): tax reduction of 40% of investment, with a
maximum of 3600€/year/residence during max 4 years.
Private residences (new): tax reduction of 40% of investment, with a maximum of 3600€
Companies: 13.5 % of installation costs is deductible from profit taxes
VAT reduction From 2010 Private residences (> 5 years): VAT of 6% instead of 21%
Net-metering From 2010 Possible for installations ≤ 10 kWp
NOTES
1. A green certificate is assigned for each MWh produced by PV and has a fixed price of 330 €. For all Regions, there is a green certificate purchase guarantee at national level of 15 c€/kWh
during 10 years. On Friday Dec. 10th 2010 , the Flemish government approved the above table for the decrease of green certificate prices for PV. This is part of a proposal of a new decree,
which still has to be approved in the Flemish parliament (due probably Jan. 2011)
2. Above the revenues of green certificates, the electricity can be consumed by the producer or sold to an electricity supplier.
3. For systems starting Operation after January 1st 2013, the Green Certificates will be assigned for the following 15 years instead of 20 years.
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 25 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction Yes
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Bulgaria
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 27-28)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
948 1113 1333
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Bulgaria
NOTES
1. 1 BGN = 0,511 EUR (15/12/2010)
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
Building mounted installations Ground mounted Installations
≤ 5 kWp > 5kWp ≤ 5 kWp > 5kWp
Support
2011
[BGN/kW] 0,793 0,728 0,793 0,728
[€/kWh] 0,404 0,371 0,404 0,371
Degression Not set. Tariff adaptation is discussed every year.
DurationTariffs are guaranteed for 25 years but their value is not fixed
throughout this period
Investment grants From 2010Investment grants covering 50% to 80% of the costs are available for
SME and larger industries.
Beneficial credit terms From 2010Soft loans for PV installations are available from the European Bank
for reconstruction and Development.
Reduced VAT From 2008 VAT for PV revenues is reduced from 15% to 10%
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants No
Duration 20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisation
Self-
consumption
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Cyprus
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 29-31)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
1385 1456 1509
0200400600800
1,0001,2001,4001,600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Cyprus
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
PV installations
≤ 20 kWp 20-150 kWp
Support [€/kWh]
2011 0,360 0,340
DurationTariffs are guaranteed for 20 years. The support scheme is currently suspended
and under redefinition due to an excess of demand.
Market controlThe installation of PV systems larger than 20 kWp in size is limited to a total2 MWp per
year.
Investment grants From 2009 Up to 2010, investment grants were possible in combination with a reduced feed in tariff
NOTES
1. Private producers of renewable electricity are obliged to consume its own production when possible and to sell the unused electricity at the Feed-in tariff conditions described above.
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support
Measure
Other Support
Measures
Type FiTInvestment
grantsNo
Duration 20 years
Beneficial
credit
terms
No
Indexation YesFiscal
incentivesNo
Yearly
degression
rate
Yes VAT reduction Yes
Market
ControlYes
Direct
consumption
incentivisation
Yes
Next revision
planned2012
Energy sale on
the electricity
market
Yes
Summary of PV support measures in CZ
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 , October 2010 edition, page
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
CommercialBAPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
812 879 964
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in the Czech Republic
Support Measure Validity
Description
Support [€/kWh] 3
PV System
SizeFiT
1Green Bonus
2
Feed-in Tariff
or
Green Bonus
Until February 28th 2011
P ≤ 30 kWp 0,306 (7,50 CZK) 0,265 (6,50 CZK)
30 kWp ≤ P ≤100 kWp 0,241 (5,90 CZK) 0,2 (4,90 CZK)
P ≥100 kWp 0,224 (5,50 CZK) 0,184 (4,50 CZK)
From March 1st 2011P ≤ 30 kWp 0,306(7,50 CZK) 0,265 (6,50 CZ)
P ≥30 kWp 0 0
VAT Exemption From 2011Solar systems installed on residential building can benefit from a reduction of 10%
of the VAT (from 20 to 10%)
NOTES
1. Tariffs are adjusted to the inflation, by a yearly increase of 2 to 4% based on the index of industrial prices. Tariffs are guaranteed for 20 years from operation start.
2. Green bonus: electricity is sold directly to the customer at the market price; the grid operator pays a bonus. A change from one payment system to the other is possible during the
whole lifetime of the system. The price for electricity from renewable sources and green bonuses are yearly determined by the Energy Regulatory office. The Green Bonus is
guaranteed for 20 years from operation start.
3. Please check the CZK rates (indicative value 1 EUR = 245 CZK)
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisation
Net-
metering
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Denmark
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 37-39)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
first 10 years following 10 years
Minimum Average Maximum
809 847 887
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Denmark
NOTES
1. 1 DKr = 0,134 EUR (15/12/2010). Electricity market price (excluding VAT) was in Q3/Q4 2009 0,20 €/kWh for the residential sector and 0,08 €/kWh for the industrial sector. Source: EUROSTAT
2010
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
PV systems ≥ 6 kWp
First 10 years Following 10 years
Support
2011
[DKr/kWh] electricity market price +0,60 electricity market price +0,40
[€/kWh] electricity market price +0,080 electricity market price +0,054
Duration Tariffs are guaranteed for 20 years
Direct consumption
incentivisationFrom 2009
PV systems below 6 kWp installed on non-commercial buildings are entitled to use the net-
metering option. All electricity not instantaneously consumed is injected in the grid and
credited (at market value) against future consumption. Electricity produced in excess of total
consumption in a solar year is not credited.
Fiscal incentives From 2010Operators of PV systems are exempted form the payment of the renewable energy tax
(PSO) in their electricity bills
Investment Grants From 2010Investment grants are available for large-scale building integrated and other “flagship” PV
projects
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 12 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Estonia
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 40)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
849 864 897
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Estonia
NOTES
1. 1 EEK= 0,064 EUR (21/12/2010).
2. Electricity market price (excluding VAT) was in Q3/Q4 2009 0,075 €/kWh for the residential sector and 0,058 €/kWh for the industrial sector. Source: EUROSTAT 2010
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
or Electricity 2 Sale with
Bonus
PV systems ≤ 100 kWp
Feed-in tariff Bonus on top of market price
Support
2011
[EEK/kWh] 1,15 0,84
[€/kWh] 0,074 0,054
Duration Tariffs are guaranteed for 12 years
Investment Grants From 2004 Investment grants are available for at regional level on tender basis
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type None Investment grants Yes
Duration N/ABeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation N/A Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateN/A VAT reduction No
Market Control N/ADirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Finland
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 41)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
628 791 893
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Finland
NOTES
Support Measure Validity Description
Investment grants From 2008Investment grants covering up to 40% of PV investments with a
maximum total cost of 3 M€ are available for all investors
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation Yes Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction Yes
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2012
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
France
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 42-59), ENERPLAN
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
753 1078 1489
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in France
NOTES
1. Feed-in tariffs will be applicable for PV systems smaller than 100 kWp installed on buildings. Call for tenders will be set up (from summer 2011) for PV systems on buildings larger than 100 kWp and for ground mounted systems, The yearly target of installations for tender based PV systems is 300-350 MWp.
2. The FiTs are adjusted quarterly based on the market size in the previous quarter. FiT adjustments are defined independently for the 2 segments defined as: a) Residential BIPV; b) Education & Health and Other BIPV + Simplified BIPV. For these 2 segments the yearly target of installations is 100 MWp each.
Support Measure Validity
Description
PV System size
[kWp]
BIPV
Simplified
BIPV
Ground
MountedResidential
Education
&
Health
Other
buildings
Feed-in Tariff1
[€/kWh]
From
March 10th 2011
0-9 0,46000,4060
0,35200,3035
0,12009-36 0,4025 0,3035
36-100 0,2883 0,2883 0,2883 0,2883
100-12.000 0,1200 0,1200 0,1200 0,1200
Degression rate2 From Q3 2011
Capacity installed in the
previous quarter
[MWp]
BIPV
Simplified
BIPV
Ground
MountedResidential
Education
&
Health
Other
buildings
P > 65 9,5% 9,5%
N/A
55 < P ≤ 65 7,5% 7,5%
45 < P ≤ 55 6% 6%
35 < P ≤ 45 4,5% 4,5%
27 < P ≤ 35 3,5% 3,5%
23 < P ≤ 27 2,6% 2,6%
15 < P ≤ 23 2% 2%
5 < P ≤ 15 1,5% 1,5%
P ≤ 5 0% 0%
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Support measures in France
NOTES
Support Measure Validity Description
Fiscal Incentives From 2011
Tax credit for residential customers for investments related to renewables and energy efficiency on their main
residence. Residential customers get a tax credit of 22% of the material costs (not on the installation costs).
The maximum tax credit amount cannot exceed 8000 € for a single person and 16000 € for a couple during
the period 2005 to 2012. The tax credit mechanism has been extended to the owner-landlord of an
accommodation (more than 2 years-old) and if rented as main residence during at least 5 years to an external
member of the (fiscal) family. The tax credit is limited to PV systems below 3 kWp in order to be cumulative
with the FIT.
VAT Reduction From 2011Reduced VAT rate from 19.6% to 5,5% on material and installation cost for residential customer if the dwelling
is more than 2-years old and the PV system size is lower than 3 kWp (residential sector).
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisation
Self-
consumption
Next revision
planned2012
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes
Germany
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 60-73), BSW-Solar
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
738 868 1346
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Feed-in tariff in Germany
NOTES
1. For rooftop installations above 30kW, the FiT is calculated on a pro rata basis according to the installed capacity. For a 50 kWp system, for instance, the first 30 kWp are granted the highest
tariff, the next 20 the lower tariff.
2. Systems on agricultural land that did not prove a land development plan before 25/03/2010 will be not eligible for a FiT anymore.
3. Commercial areas also include areas near traffic routes and on construction sites
4. BSW-Solar and the German BMU agreed to anticipate part of the tariff degression originally foreseen for January 2012 by applying an anticipated reduction of the FiT tariffs on July 1st, 2011,
based on a forecast of the 2011 market. For ground-mounted installations, the reduction will take effect on 1 September 2011. An additional reduction will be applied as of January 1st 2012.
5. Annual market size calculated on installed PV Power from March to May 2011
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff
Rooftop installations1
Ground-mounted installations
≤ 30 kWp30 kWp ≤P ≤
100 kWp
100 kWp ≤ P
≤ 1000 kWp
P ≥ 1000
kWp
Commercial
areas 3Conversion
areas
Agricultural
land
Support [€/kWh]
2011 0,2874 0,2734 0,2587 0,2157 0,2111 0,2207 None 2
FiT 4
Degression rate
Determination of the degression rate based on 2011 forecast market size [GWp]
M≤1,5 1,5≤M≤ 2 2≤M≤2,5 2,5≤M≤3,5 3,5≤M≤4,5 4,5≤M≤5,5 5,5≤M≤6,5 6,5≤M≤7,5 M>7,5
Q3 20115
anticipated
degression
0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 6% 9% 12% 15%
Q1 2012
additional
degression
1,5% 4% 6,5% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9%
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Other direct incentives in Germany
NOTES
1. The tariffs shown here do not include the benefit of saving money on the electricity bill (related to auto-consumption)
2. The more electricity generated is directly consumed; the higher the remuneration (the threshold value is 30% of auto-consumption). The net benefit related to auto-consumption of PV electricity
is 0.0362 €/kWh when <30% of the electricity produced is directly consumed. When >30% is auto-consumed; the net benefit over the normal FiT is 0.08 €/kWh. This takes into account the
money that is saved on the electricity bill (which is about 0.2 €/kWh).
Support Measure Validity Description
Direct consumption
incentivisation
Rooftop installations
Auto-consumption
level
≤ 30 kWp 30-100 kWp 100-500 kWp
Support [€/kWh] 1
Q4 2010
≤ 30% 0,1449 0,1308 0,1161
> 30% 0,1830 0,1690 0,1543
Equivalent economic advantage [€/kWh] 2
≤ 30% (FiT+0.036) (FiT+0.036) (FiT+0.036)
> 30% (FiT+0.080) (FiT+0.080) (FiT+0.080)
Energy sale on the
electricity market From 2009
PV operators may sell (entirely or partially) the electricity generated in the installation to third
parties on a calendar-monthly basis (direct selling), if they have reported this to the grid system
operator before the start of the previous calendar month. No entitlement to payment of the feed-in
tariff shall exist for that entire calendar month and for the portion of electricity generated in the
installation sold to the third party.
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Other support measures in Germany
Support Measure Validity Description
Fiscal incentives From 2009
Investment costs for commercial systems (incl. Planning and installation) can be depreciated over a 20
year period and other costs can be considered as operations cost. In exceptional cases for some
commercial systems which operate closely to producing or manufacturing facilities 12.5-27.5 % of
investment can be claimed as tax credit.
Beneficial Credit
TermsFrom 2009
KFW Program “Solarstrom Erzeugen” (No. 140) for private investors: Up to 100% invest, max
€50,000, up to 10 years with 1-2 years free of redemption or up to 20 years with up to 3 years free of
redemption at nominal interest rates of 4.15-4.45% depending on duration, except investors under direct
supervision of local authorities
KFW “ERP-Umwelt- und Energiesparprogramm” for commercial investors: 50% for SMEs, other
companies up to 35% of max. €500,000 invest (in old federal states) alternatively 1 M€ investment (in
new federal states), duration 10 years with 2 years free of redemption (in old federal states) alternatively
15 years with 5 years free of redemption, nominal interest rates between 4-7% (depending on location,
duration and credit risk evaluation)
“KFW Umweltprogramm” for commercial investors: 75% of investment of max 10 M€ per Installation
96% net payment, up to 20 years duration, with up to 3 years free of redemption, nominal interest rates
between 4-7.72%
Investment Grants From 2009
Investment subsidies are in place for all the market segments, except the residential one. Subsidies are
regionally regulated. More information, in German, con be found following the links:
http://premium.solarfoerderung.de/download/index.cfm?cat_id=439 http://www.gesetze-im-
internet.de/bundesrecht/invzulg_2007/gesamt.pdf
Main
Color
29
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants No
Duration 20-25 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation Yes Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction Yes
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Greece
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 74-76), HELAPCO
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
1012 1253 1507
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
30
Feed-in tariff in Greece
NOTES
1. Tariff changes occur for systems installed after the following dates:
• Q1 : January 1st for Systems below 10 kWp and February 1st for systems larger than 10 kWp
• Q3: August 1st for Systems larger than 10 kWp
2. SMCn= System Marginal Cost at year n (TBC)
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
Rooftop installations All other installations
P ≤ 10 kWp P ≤ 100 kWp P > 100 kWpAut. islands
P > 10 kWp
Support for grid connected installations [€/kWh]
Q3 2010 0,550 0,441 0,392 0,441
Q1 2011 0,550 0,419 0,372 0,419
Q3 2011 0,550 0,395 0,351 0,395
Q1 2012 0,522 0,376 0,334 0,376
Q3 2012 0,522 0,354 0,314 0,354
Q1 2013 0,496 0,336 0,298 0,336
Q3 2013 0,496 0,317 0,281 0,317
Q1 2014 0,472 0,303 0,269 0,303
Q3 2014 0,472 0,294 0,261 0,294
Duration 25 years 20 years
FiT degression rate 22010-2011 -5% -10% -12% -10%
After 2015 -5% 1.4*SMCn-1 1.3*SMCn-1 1.4*SMCn-1
Tariff indexation From 2010 Adjusted partially (25% of last year’s Consumer’s Price Index) annually
Main
Color
31
Other support measures in Greece
Support Measure Validity Description
Fiscal incentives From 2010Small domestic systems are eligible for a 10% tax deduction capped at € 600 per system. In order to be
eligible for this tax deduction though, a property owner has to undergo an energy audit first.
Residential systems up to 10 KWp are also exempted from any tax on their solar generated income.
VAT reduction From 2009Residential customers has to pay VAT for systems up to 10kWp,
Commercial and industrial customers can benefit from VAT exemption.
Investment grants From 2010
Investments subsidies were valid until January 29th 2010. For those having applied for a grant until that
date, the following apply. According to the National Development Law, PV installations are eligible for a
subsidy from 20% to 40%:
Domestic applications are not eligible
Commercial PV applications are eligible for a grant depending on the size of the company:
Small enterprises may be granted up to 40%
- Medium-sized enterprises may be granted from 30 to 40% of their total installed cost.
- Large enterprises may be granted from 20% to 40% depending on the region the PV plant is
constructed in.
The lowest limit of the investment is 100.000 €.
No investment subsidies are foreseen for new applications
Main
Color
32
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants No
Duration 20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation Yes Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Hungary
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 77-83)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
958 1046 1139
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
33
Support measures in Hungary
NOTES
1. 1 HUF= 0,0036 EUR (15/12/2010)
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
PV Installations
Support
2011
[HUF/kWh] 29,28
[€/kWh] 0,105
Indexation Tariffs are updated every year based on the previous year’s inflation diminished by 1%
Duration Tariffs are guaranteed for 20 years
Beneficial credit terms From 2010
Soft loans for PV installations are available for up to 100% of he system costs. Two main
schemes are available: the National Energy Saving Programme (NEP) and the Green
Investment System (ZBR). Credit duration ranges between 4 and 20 years and maximum
system cost between 3.9 and 4.2 million €.
Main
Color
34
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants No
Duration N/ABeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisation
Self-
consumption
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Republic of Ireland
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 84-85)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
717 819 899
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
35
Support measures in Ireland
NOTES
1. The tariff is recognised to ESB customers on a domestic tariff for all the electricity not used and injected to the network
2. Additional payment of 10 cents per kWh for the first 3,000 kWh exported annually. This payment will be made to the first 4,000 micro-generators connected in 2009-2012 period and will be paid
over a 5 year period.
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff in
combination with self-
consumption 1
Micro generation PV systems ≤ 6 kWp (mono-phase) or
≤ 11 kWp (tri-phase)
Support for electricity injected into the network [€/kWh]
From 2009
Standard tariff 0,09
Extra tariff 2 0,10
Duration The standard tariff is paid indefinitely
Fiscal Incentives From 2008Companies that Install PV systems are allowed for the Accelerated Capital
Allowance, consenting full amortisation of the investment costs in 12 months
Main
Color
36
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiP Investment grants Yes
Duration 20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction Yes
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisation
Net-
metering
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes
Italy
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 86-104), Assosolare, GIFI
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
698 1248 1543
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
37
Feed-in Premium in Italy
Support Measure Validity
Description
PV System
capacity [kWp]
Support per PV system type
Building-mounted BIPV2
Other
Feed-in tariff1
Support for grid connected installations [€/kWh]
Jan-Apr 2011
1≤P≤3 0.402 0.440 0.362
3<P≤20 0.377 0.440 0.339
20<P≤200 0.358 0,400 0.321
200<P≤1000 0.355 0.370 0.314
1,000<P≤5000 0.351 0.370 0.313
P>5000 0.333 N/A 0.297
May 2011
1≤P≤3 0.391 0.440 0.347
3<P≤20 0.360 0.440 0.322
20<P≤200 0.341 0.400 0.303
200<P≤1000 0.335 0.370 0.309
1,000<P≤5000 0.327 0.370 0.289
P>5000 0.311 N/A 0.275
From 1st June 2011 TBD3
Yearly degression
rateFrom 2012 TBD
3
NOTES
1. FIT is paid over 20 years. There are bonuses up to 10% on top of the FiT that are provided in the some specific cases. The market cap for the period 2011 -2013 is set to 3,000 MW + 300 MW for innovative BIPV projects, with grace period allowing systems to access the FiT once the cap is reached for further 14 months..PV systems on greenhouses and parking canopies receive a tariff obtained averaging the tariffs assogned to «Building-mounted» and «Other» PV systems.
2. Reserved to “innovative” BIPV systems that utilise special purpose PV modules or elements that integrate or substitute architectural elements of a building as specified by the guidelines published by GSE in December 2010.
3. On March 3rd 2011, the Italian Government launched a decree (pending Parliament approval) that terminates the third Conto Energia on May 31st 2011. PV systems connected after that date will be subject to a revised support framework that will be published before April 30th 2011. The new framework is likely to introduce reduced FiT levels differentiated by system type and location, an annual market cap and a new degression mechanism..
Main
Color
38
Italy – Other support measures
Support Measure Validity Description
Direct consumption
incentivisationFrom 2010
Net-metering is available to PV systems up to 200 kWp. “Scambio sl Posto” is based on the balance of
the value of the energy fed into the grid and the value of the expenditures to buy/retire the energy from
the grid. This method can lead to a surplus on behalf of the system operator that will be counted as a
credit, capable to compensate possible future negative balances (credit may be passed to the following
year) or to be converted in cash.
Energy sale on the
electricity marketFrom 2008
The electricity sale is applicable to all the market segments in addition to the incentives granted to the
total electricity production (FIT). The electricity fed into the grid can be commercialized by the
producers either through direct sale on IPEX (Italian Power Exchange) or indirectly through the
“dedicated” electricity intake (“ritiro dedicato”) or, otherwise, through the “on-the-spot trading”.
Fiscal incentives From 2008 A 4% rebate is offered on the real estate tax on buildings that host PV systems
VAT reduction From 2008 VAT on PV equipment and installation costs is reduced from 20% to 10%
Investment grants Form 2010Several calls for tenders and other contributions are available at regional level (for SME and industries)
and provincial level (for the residential segment)
Main
Color
39
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants No
Duration 20 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Latvia
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 105)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
857 885 917
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
40
Support measures in Latvia
NOTES
1. The feed-in tariff is assigned on a tender basis to companies that are registered for the Special Sale system controlled by the Latvian ministry for economics. The support is currently
suspended and being revised.
2. 1 LVL= 1,41 EUR (20/12/2010)
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
Ground mounted Installations
≤ 5 kWp
Support 2
2011
[LVL/kWh] 0,300
[€/kWh] 0,423
Duration Tariffs are guaranteed for 20 years
Main
Color
41
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 12 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Lithuania
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 106)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
847 875 912
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
42
Support measures in Lithuania
NOTES
1. 1 LTL= 0,290 EUR (15/12/2010)
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
PV Installations
≤ 100 kWp 100-1.000 kWp > 1.000 kWp
Support
2011
[LTL/kWh] 1,63 1,56 1,51
[€/kWh] 0,473 0,452 0,438
Degression Not set
Duration 12 years
Investment grants From 2007
Investment grants covering up to 70% of the costs are
available for public and private investors from the
Lithuanian Environment Investment Fund.
Main
Color
43
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 15 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateYes (3%) VAT reduction No
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Luxembourg
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 107-109)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
846 867 889
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
44
Support measures in Luxembourg
NOTES
1. Market CAP of 5MWp per year
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
On-grid rooftop installations
P ≤ 30 kWp 30 kWp < P ≤ 100 kWp
Support [€/kWh]
2011 0.3861 0,3377
Duration 15 years
FiT degression rate From 2012 -3%
Fiscal Incentives From 2011Income tax exemption for revenue's generated from electricity sales
of 1 – 4 kWp
Investment grantsFrom 2011
For private households: 30% per installation for roof or façade
systems up to 30 kWp, max €1,650/kWp, duration until end of 2012
For local authority buildings: 15% of investment costs, max.
€900,- / kWp
For companies: environmental grants of max 50% (for self-
consumption purposes)
Main
Color
45
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 7-8 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisation
Net-
metering
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes
Malta
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 110-111)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
1482 1503 1514
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
46
Support measures in Malta
NOTES
1. The tariff is recognised on the portion of electricity injected into the distribution grid only. The market in 2010 was capped to 12 GWh of electricity produced by PV.
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff in
combination with Net-
metering1
PV systems on private households ≤ 3kWpPV systems on commercial
premises
Malta Gozo ≤ 100 kWp
Support [€/kWh]
From 2010 0,25 0,28 0,20
Duration 8 years 7 years
Energy sale on the
electricity marketFrom 2010
Electricity sale is possible after the expiration of the Feed-in tariff payments, pending
the conclusion of an agreement with Enemalta (DSO)
Main
Color
47
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants No
Duration 15 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisation
Net-
metering
Next revision
planned2012
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Netherlands
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 112-115)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
810 836 887
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
48
Support measures in the Netherlands
NOTES
1. These levels of subsidy have been estimated by Senternovem for 2011. in case also net-metering is applied, the tariff is reduced by the applicable market price or the electricity exchanged with
the grid.
2. A market cap of 25 MWp is set in 2011 for this segment
3. A market cap of 5MWp is set in 2011 for this segment
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
On-grid rooftop installations
P ≤ 15 kWp 2 15 kWp < P ≤ 100 kWp 3
Support [€/kWh]
2011 0.318 0,268
Duration 15 years
Direct consumption
incentivisationFrom 2010
PV systems of capacity smaller than 80 A per phase can access the net-
metering option that allows to offset consumption costs with the production of
the PV system up to a maximum of 3.500 kWh per year.
Fiscal Incentives From 2011
Property tax exemption and income tax reduction of 1.3% of the invested
amount for PV installations up to 54,223 € per year
Company tax reduction: 44% of the investment costs between 2,100 € and
111 M€
Reduction on environmental tax for energy produced from renewable
energies
Beneficial Credit Terms From 2011 Green loans with 1 – 2 % reduced interest rates
Main
Color
49
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
TypeGreen
CertificatesInvestment grants Yes
Duration unlimitedBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation N/A Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateN/A VAT reduction No
Market Control N/ADirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes
Poland
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 116-132)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
825 872 1048
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
50
Support measures in Poland
NOTES
Support Measure Validity Description
Green Certificates 1 From 2005
All renewable energy electricity producers receive tradable green
certificates for each MWh of electricity produced. The market price of
this certificates is not guaranteed however, and it generally deemed
an insufficient measure to support the installation of PV systems in
Poland.
Energy sale on the
electricity marketFrom 2005
DSOs are obliged to purchase all renewable energy produced in their
area of competence at a guaranteed priced based on the average
electricity price of the previous year.
Investment grantsVarious subsidy support schemes are available at regional level
Beneficial credit terms From 2007
Soft loans for PV installations are available from the Polish Bank for
Environmental Protection (BOS). Condition vary depending on the
beneficiary: up to 85%of PV investments of maximum 10%, up to 10
years credit duration, up to 2 years interest-free period.
Main
Color
51
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 15 years 4Beneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateNo VAT reduction Yes
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Portugal
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 133-135)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
4. The feed-in tariff changes after the first 7 years. See next page
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
1232 1405 1540
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
52
Support measures in Portugal
NOTES
1. Market cap: 25 MWp in 2010, increasing 20% per year. More information: http://www.apesf.pt/textos.php?id=41
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
Support for rooftop PV Systems [€/kWh]
P ≤ 3,68 kWp 15 kWp < P ≤ 150 kWp
From 20110,400 for the first 8 years
0,240 for the following 7 years
Under discussion
in the parliament
Duration 15 years
Direct consumption
incentivisationFrom 2010
Net-metering is available for all systems whose capacity is ≤ 5.75 kW, but is
not cumulative with the FiT. In this case, the unused electricity injected to the
grid is compensated at market prices.
Fiscal Incentives From 2010
Income tax reduction of up to 30% of the invested amount for PV
installations
Accelerated amortisation: Companies can depreciate 25% of the PV
investment costs every year, therefore full fiscal amortisation of costs can be
achieved in 4 years
VAT reduction From 2010 VAT on PV systems is 13% instead of 21%
Investment grants From 2007
The Portaria legislation 1463/2007 defines a Investment grant system
applicable to SMEs and valid up to 2013: up to 35% of the total investment
up to a maximum of 250.000€ per project.
Beneficial credit terms From 2007
Reduction on interest rates of 100%. Applicable only to SMEs for a
maximum of 75 000€ project loan for 5 years and 2 years capital grace period
(" carência“). Started on 2007 it will end on 2013.
Main
Color
53
Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
TypeGreen
CertificatesInvestment grants Yes
Duration 15 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation Yes Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateN/A VAT reduction No
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Romania
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 136-138)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Price Maximum Price
Minimum Average Maximum
951 1150 1253
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
Main
Color
54
Support measures in Romania
NOTES
1. As of 2010, 6 green certificates are assigned for each MWh of PV electricity produced for the first 15 years of operation of the PV systems. The price of the green certificates on the market is
guaranteed to be between 27 and 55 EUR per certificate until 2025. After that, certificates will be tradable on the market with a minimum price equal to the price in 2025.
Support Measure Validity Description
Green Certificates 1
Building mounted installations
Minimum price Maximum price
Support [€/kWh]
2011-2025 0,162 0,330
DurationCertificates are assigned for 15 years but their value is not fixed throughout
this period
Investment grants From 2005
Investment grants covering up to 50% of the costs of PV systems smaller
than 10 MWp are available through the Environmental State Fund on a tender
basis
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 15 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction No
Market Control NoDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Slovakia
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 139-143), SKREA
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
802 960 1065
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Slovakia
NOTES
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
P ≤ 100 kWp P > 100 kWp
Support [€/kWh]
2011 0,38765 0,38261
DurationTariffs are guaranteed for 15 years and their value can be modified during the period,
with the condition that it cannot be reduced to less than 90% of its original value
Fiscal Incentives From 2008Owners of PV systems are exempt from the payment of electricity consumption taxes in
their electricity bills.
Investment grants
&
Beneficial credit terms
From 2005
Subsidies and soft loans for PV installations are available from the national
Environmental Fund. Conditions vary depending on the characteristics of the project.
Further subsidies may be available on a regional basis.
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 15 yearsBeneficial credit
termsYes
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes 4
Slovenia
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 144-146 ), ZSFI
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
4. With the Bonus instead of the FiT
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
FiT Bonus
Minimum Average Maximum
669 1017 1230
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Slovenia
NOTES
1. With the amendment of the Decree contained in the Official Gazette of RS, no. 94/2010), the addition for building integrated power plants is eliminated in the year 2011, except for the duration of
a transitional period. The transitional period applies to power plants issued a building permit for new construction or reconstruction by Sep. 30th 2011 and connected to the grid by Dec. 31st 2011.
For existing plants all conditions remain unchanged.
2. Only 5 MWp in total of ground systems are allowed each year.
3. The FiT is reserved for PV systems of up to 5 MWp.
4. The Bonus is available for PV systems of any size whose electricity is sold to a third party on the market.
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 3
or
Energy sale 4 on
the electricity
market
BIPV 1
Installations Rooftop installations Ground Installations 2
1-50
kWp
0,05-1
MWp
1-10
MWp
10-125
MWp
1-50
kWp
0,05-1
MWp
1-10
MWp
10-125
MWp
1-50
kWp
0,05-1
MWp
1-10
MWp
10-125
MWp
Support [€/kWh]
FiT in 2011 0,382 0,350 0,290 - 0,332 0,304 0,252 - 0,312 0,288 0,232 -
Bonus in 2011 0,336 0,303 0,242 0,205 0,286 0,257 0,204 0,171 0,266 0,241 0,184 0,162
DegressionTariffs and bonuses decrease based on the reference costs for photovoltaic installations in year 2009: in 2012 by
30%, in 2013 by 40%
Duration Tariffs and bonuses are guaranteed for 15 years
Investment grants From 2010 Investment subsidies for farmers of up to 50% of PV system costs
Beneficial Credit
TermsFrom 2010
Soft loans for the realisation of PV systems are widely available for private citizens, companies and public bodies
alike. See: http://ekosklad.si
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes4
Duration 25 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation Yes Fiscal incentives Yes5
Yearly degression
rateYes VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedQuarterly
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Spain
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 1447165), ASIF
2. Source: ASIF. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
4. Only for off-grid PV systems
5. Only Local taxes may be waived when specifically approved by the Municipality
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
884 1364 1570
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support Measures in Spain
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff
Type I - Rooftop Installations
up to 2 MWp Type I – Ground
Installations
up to 10 MWPType I.1
P ≤ 20 kWp
Type I.2
P > 20 kWp
Support [€/kWh]
Q1 20110,3135 0,2788 0,2517
Cap: 7,1 MWp Cap: 67,2 MWp Cap: 40,8 MWp
Q2 2011 0,290 0,203 0,135
Duration 25 years
Degression 1 up to -10% per year depending on market development
Tariff indexation From 2010
For plants starting operation in 2011, the FiT is adjusted every year from the second
(2013) after the PV plant starts operation. The tariff is updated according to 50% of
the previous year’s Consumer’s Price index.
Investment grants 2011Several investment grants are available at regional level on tender basis for off-grid
PV systems
NOTES
1. Tariffs and caps are adjusted quarterly according to demand in previous quarter: If at least 75% of the cap for the previous quarter is reached, rates decrease 2.5% (or slightly more if the cap
was largely overrun), and the cap is increased by the same amount. Conversely, if less than 50% of the cap is reached, rates increase and caps decrease by the same amount. If between 50
and 75% of the caps are reached, incentive levels and caps remain the same. The annual digression rate is capped in the range of 10%. Annual caps adjust in inverse proportion to digression
(e. g. If rates decrease by 8%, caps will increase by 8%).
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
TypeGreen
CertificatesInvestment grants Yes
Duration 15 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives No
Yearly degression
rateN/A VAT reduction No
Market Control N/ADirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
plannedN/A
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes
Sweden
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (page 166)
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
484 810 878
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Sweden
NOTES
Support Measure Validity Description
Green Certificates From 2003
All renewable energy electricity producers receive tradable green
certificates for each MWh of electricity produced. The market price of
this certificates is not guaranteed however.
Energy sale on the
electricity marketFrom 2003
Swedish DSOs are obliged to purchase all renewable energy
produced in their area of competence at a price that has to be
negotiated between the parties.
Investment grants From 2009
Currently, investment subsidies covering up to 60% of PV system
costs are available from a state sponsored program. The maximum
acceptable system costs are about 220.000 €, while the budget of the
program for the 2010-2011 period was of approximately 6 million €.
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 25 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation No Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rate8% VAT reduction No
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2011
Energy sale on the
electricity marketNo
Switzerland
NOTES
1. Source: EPIA and Swisssolar
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: Swisssolar
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
400 860 1350
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Support measures in Switzerland
NOTES
1. From 2011 the PV market is capped at 32million CHF per year, equivalent to 50-70 MWp installed every year. A lower FiT tariff for systems above 1MWp in size will be introduced during 2011.
2. 1 EUR = 0,771 CHF (15/12/2010)
3. Further tariff reductions may be decided on a occasional basis.
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
BIPV Installations Rooftop installations Ground Installations
≤10
kWp
10-30
kWp
30-100
kWp
≥ 100
kWp
≤10
kWp
10-30
kWp
30-100
kWp
≥ 100
kWp
≤10
kWp
10-30
kWp
30-100
kWp
≥ 100
kWp
Support 2
2011
[CHF/kWh] 0,592 0,542 0,459 0,415 0,483 0,467 0,422 0,378 0,427 0,393 0,343 0,305
0,456 0,418 0,354 0,320 0,372 0,360 0,325 0,291 0,329 0,303 0,264 0,235[€/kWh]
Degression Tariffs decrease 8% per year until 2012 3
Duration Tariffs are guaranteed for 25 years
Investment
grantsFrom 2010
Investment subsidies are currently available in the following cantons: AR, BS, SH, SO, TG, UR, and
additionally in some municipalities. This situation is subject to frequent changes. For more up-to-date
information, see: http://www.swissolar.ch/
Fiscal Incentives From 2010
At federal level, investments in Renewable Energy are deductible from taxes in the measure of 50% in the first
5 years and the rest afterwards.
At cantonal level, further deductions may be possible. For more information, see:
http://www.swissolar.ch/fileadmin/files/swissolar/förderung/deductions_fiscales_2008.pdf
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Summary of PV Support Measures 1
Main Support Measure Other Support Measures
Type FiT Investment grants Yes
Duration 25 yearsBeneficial credit
termsNo
Indexation Yes Fiscal incentives Yes
Yearly degression
rate
Yes
(from 2012) VAT reduction Yes
Market Control YesDirect consumption
incentivisationNo
Next revision
planned2012
Energy sale on the
electricity marketYes
United Kingdom
NOTES
1. Source: dena Subsidy Overview EU-27 October 2010 edition (pages 167-172), REA
2. Source: EPIA. Remuneration levels are based on the Main Support Measure only.
3. Optimally-inclined PV modules, PR =75%. Source: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
ResidentialBAPV
ResidentialBIPV
CommercialBAPV
CommercialBIPV
IndustrialrooftopBAPV
Industrialground-mounted
PV remuneration levels [€/kWh] 2
Minimum Average Maximum
633 817 958
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Yearly solar electricity generation [kWh/kWp] 3
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Feed-in tariffs in the United Kingdom
NOTES
1. The market is capped at 360 million £ for the 2014-2015 fiscal year, allowing for over 800 MWp of PV installations until 2015.
2. Stand-alone systems are conceived to feed electricity the grid rather than being consumed on site.
3. 1 GBP=1,17 EUR (15/12/2010)
Support Measure Validity Description
Feed-in Tariff 1
Retrofit
installations on
existing buildings
Installations on buildingsStand-alone
2
Installations
≤4 kWp ≤4 kWp4-10
kWp
10-100
kWp
100-5.000
kWpAny size
Support 2
Q1 2011[GBP/kWh] 0,413 0,361 0,361 0,314 0,293 0,293
[€/kWh] 0,488 0,426 0,426 0,371 0,346 0,346
Q2 2012[GBP/kWh] 0,413 0,361 0,361 0,314 0,293 0,293
[€/kWh] 0,488 0,426 0,426 0,371 0,346 0,346
Q2 2013[GBP/kWh] 0,413 0,361 0,361 0,314 0,293 0,293
[€/kWh] 0,488 0,426 0,426 0,371 0,346 0,346
Duration Tariffs are guaranteed for 25 years
Degression Tariffs decrease 9% per year from Q2 2014
Indexation Each year the set level of the tariffs will be adjusted pro-rata to the Retail Price Index
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Other support measures in the United Kingdom
Support Measure Validity Description
Fiscal incentives From 2010 Exemption from the Climate Change Levy tax for owners of PV electricity generation systems
VAT reduction From 2010VAT on PV equipment and installation costs is reduced from 17,5% to 5% for installations on existing
residential buildings and to 0% for installations on new residential buildings
Investment grants From 2008400 million GBP are available through the Environmental Transformation Fund until 2011. The ETF
provides funding for up to 50% of the investment costs to selected projects.
Energy sale on the
electricity marketFrom 2010
It is possible to opt out of the FiT scheme and sell the energy produced by a PV system on the
electricity market
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APPENDIX
In the following pages you will find the contact details for
national associations that can be enquired for further
information on the national PV support frameworks
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National associations members of EPIA
Country National associationContact details
Website Email Telephone
Austria Photovoltaic Austria www.pvaustria.at [email protected] +43 1 522 3581
BelgiumBelPV www.belpv.be [email protected] +32 2 218 8747
EDORA www.edora.be [email protected] +32 2 217 9682
Bulgaria BPVA www.bpva.org [email protected] +359 2 954 10 83
Czech Republic Czech RE Agency www.czrea.org [email protected] +420 575 750 090
Finland Finnish Solar Energy Society
France
ENERPLAN www.enerplan.asso.fr [email protected] +33 4 42 32 43 20
SER - Syndicat des Energies
Renouvelableswww.enr.fr [email protected] +33 1 48 78 05 60
GermanyBSW - Bundesverband
Solarwirtschaftwww.solarwirtschaft.de [email protected] +49 30 29 777 88 0
Greece
HELAPCO - Hellenic Association
of PV Companies www.helapco.gr [email protected] +30 210 9577470
CRES – Center for Renewable
Energy Sourceswww.cres.hr [email protected] + 30 210 6603300
Italy
APER www.aper.it website form +39 02 669 2673
Assosolare www.assosolare.org [email protected] +39 02 669 89156
GIFI http://www.gifi-fv.it [email protected] +39 02 326 4228
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National associations members of EPIA
Country National associationContact details
Website Email Telephone
LithuaniaPhotovoltaic Technology and
Business Association+370 527 88606
Poland Polish Society for Photovoltaics www.pv-polska.pl [email protected] +48 22 679 8870
Portugal
APESF www.apesf.pt website form
Apisolar www.apisolar.pt [email protected] +351 21 926 09 20
APREN www.apren.pt [email protected] +351 21 315 16 21
Slovakia Slovak Renewable Energy Agency www.skrea.sk [email protected] +421 2 5443 3746
Spain
AEF - Asociaciòn Empresarial
Fotovoltaicawww.aefotovoltaica.com [email protected] +34 91 743 2631
APPA - Spanish Renewable
Energy Associationwww.appa.es [email protected] +34 902 106 256
ASIF . Asociaciòn de la Industria
Fotovoltaicawww.asif.org [email protected] +34 915 900 300
Sweden Svensk Solenergi www.svensksolenergi.se [email protected]
Switzerland Swissolar www.swisssolar.ch [email protected] +41 44 250 88 33
The Netherlands Holland Solar www.hollandsolar.nl [email protected] +31 30 2328008
United KindgdomBritish Photovoltaic Association www.bpva.org.uk [email protected] +44 208 133 9658
Renewable Energy Association www.r-e-a.net [email protected] +44 207 925 3570