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Overview of Gridscale Rampable Intermittent
Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS) Program
Mark Johnson, Program Director Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy
March 7, 2012
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Venture Capital and Small
Businesses
Private Equity/Capital
& Large Corporations
Government Procurement
Applied Energy Offices
Office of Science ARPA-E
Transition Path
Transition Path
Energy Innovation Pipeline
Basic Science DeploymentTechnology Maturity
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 2
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Evolutionary and Transformational Technologies for Use Inspired, Application Driven Research
Tech
no-E
cono
mic
Met
rics
(exa
mpl
e: $
/kW
h)
Time Te
chni
cal M
etric
s(e
xam
ple:
effi
cien
cy)
Time
Disruptive Technologies Not Only Result in Quantitative Advances – They are Fundamentally New Technology Learning Curves
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
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6 5 5
45
5
11project2
FOA-1 Projects Span 10 Areas Energy Storage
projects6projects Biomass Energy
projects5projects Carbon Capture
projects5projects
Renewable Power projects4projectsVehicle Technologies projects5projects
Solar Fuels projects5projects
Building Efficiency projects3projects
Waste Heat Capture Conventional Energy Water project1project1project
projects2projects
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
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What makes an ARPA-E project? 1. Impact
• High impact on ARPA-E mission areas • Credible path to market • Large commercial application
2. Transform • Challenges what is possible • Disrupts existing learning curves • Leaps beyond today’s technologies
3. Bridge • Between basic science and applied technology • Not researched or funded elsewhere • Catalyzes new interest and investment
4. Team • Best-in-class people • Cross-disciplinary skill sets • Translation oriented
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What is the Problem to be Solved?
Flow Technologies
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 6
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Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
US Power Grid: World Largest Supply Chain With No Warehouse
Electric Grid: Premier Achievement of 20th Century [ NAE ]
Harness Renewable Power: #1 Grid Challenge for 21st Century
Storage Separates Electric Generation and Load in Space and Time
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Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 8
Renewable Integration
Rate Optimization
Price Arbitrage Peak Shaving
Generator Cycling Cost
Ancillary Services
Asset Capacity
T&D Upgrade Deferral
T&D Life Extension
Congestion Relief
Asset Utilization
Power Quality
Reliability
Sto
rage
Dur
atio
n
Gen
erat
ion
Rel
ated
Attr
ibut
es
T&D
Related A
ttributes
Electric Energy Storage Applications
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Balancing Reserves Firm Wind Generation for High Renewable Penetration on Power Grid
HYDROPOWER RANGE
1600-2000MW
WIND CAPACITY 3372 MW
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri SatSun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5 1.0
0.5
0.0
1.03.5
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
(GW)(GW)
System Challenge: Efficient Energy Storage at Minutes to Hours Duration to Firm Ramping Balance
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 9
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Storage For Firming Renewables
Solar PV in AZ (TEP) Wind in OR (BPA)
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Need: Grid Storage that is Dispatchable and Rampable
ARPA-E: Energy Storage to Enable High Penetration of Renewables
80% Change in 5 min
1 GW Change in 1 hr
1 Day 1 Day
Problem: Minutes-to-Hours Changes in Power
kW MW
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Focus: Transformational approaches to energy storage to enable low cost
New Technology Need: Cost-Effective Energy Storage Solutions
Grid-scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatachable Storage (GRIDS) Metrics
Limited Sites
Cost Target
PumpedHydro
UndergroundCompressed
Air
2-5X Lower
1hr
10min
Minimum Response Time Seconds Minutes Energy Storage Costs ($/kWh) $10 $100 $1000
$100
$1K
$10K
New StorageTechnologies
Pow
er C
osts
($/k
W)
Greater than 5000 cycles and 80% RTE
Economics of Hydro / Deploy Anywhere
Technology Agnostic: Chemical, Mechanical, Electromagnetic
Connect Across Industry for Handoffs
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 11
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Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Portfolio of Projects
UNIVERSITY/ LAB
SMALL BUSINESS CORPORATION
Fuel-Free Isothermal Compression
Rechargeable Fe-Air Battery
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What is the Problem to be Solved?
Flow Technologies
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 13
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Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Flow Assisted Rechargeable Zn-MnO2 Battery
Several formulations of MnO2
material cycled in 1.5 Ah Zn‐MnO2 batteries have reached >500 cycles demonstrating the cycleability of MnO2 under the correct conditions
non‐toxic extremely inexpensive
water compatible
$1200/MT
MnO2
Now
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Transformative Electrochemical Flow Storage System
A unique flow battery cell that provides 10X increase in power density
Novel cell will reduce system cost by 2-4X
Initially Vanadium redox chemistry
Jump-starts domestic effort in redox flow batteries, which had migrated out of North America
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 15
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-- - - --- -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - --- -
- --- ---
-- - - --- -- - - -
- - - - --- -- - - - -
- - - -- --- ---
-- - - --- -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - --- -
- - - -- --- ---
-- - - --- -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - --- -- - - - -
Rechargeable Iron-Air Battery
Cell Reaction:Cell Reaction: Fe + HFe + H22O +O + ½ O½ O22 Fe(OH)Fe(OH)22
Anode:Anode: (discharge)(discharge) Fe + 2OHFe + 2OH-- Fe(OH)Fe(OH)22 + 2e+ 2e-
Cathode:Cathode: (discharge)(discharge) ½ O½ O22 + H+ H22O + 2eO + 2e-- 2OH2OH-
< $100/kWh & >5000 cycles high power, low cost,
electrochemical storage
“Iron is Cheap, Air is Free”
CO2 –free air supply
with advanced amine absorber
bi-functional air electrode on durable nano-structured support
(+) (-)
Composite electrode
- - - - - - Designed for hydrogen
- - - - - utilization
- - - - Electrode additives -- ---- ---- - - to suppress
- - - - hydrogen evolution
Electrolyte additives to suppress hydrogen evolution
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 16
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Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
ARPA-E Project Electrode for >20 Year Lifetime
Unlike Today’s Technology ~2 Years
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Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Grid Scalable Lead Acid Battery
18
Innovations • MSA-based electrolyte
• Carbon-based electrodes
• Flow-battery design
Impact • Cost Reduction
• Grid Scalable
• Cycle-life Improvement
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Fuel Cells to Flow Systems
• Membrane Properties • Catalysts • Electrolyte Densities • Electrode Materials
• By Another Name: Redox Flow Cell Metal-Air Alkaline Exchange Semi-Solid Flow
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
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Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy
Portfolio of Projects
UNIVERSITY/ LAB
SMALL BUSINESS CORPORATION
Fuel-Free Isothermal Compression
Rechargeable Fe-Air Battery
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Questions?
Advanced Research Projects Agency • Energy 21