PAC TRAINING - 2019
WATER TREATMENT TRAINING
CHRISTINE MUCHEMI
SUMMARY;1. Introduction to Water Treatment
2. Filtration - Particle, Micro, Ultra, Nano & Hyper
3. ION Exchange Resins
4. Disinfection
5. Genesys Chemical
6. Special Resins
7. Domestic Units
8. Waste Water treatment
9. Containerized Units
BASIC WT ACRONYMS• WT – Water Treatment UV- Ultraviolet
• TDS – Total Dissolved Salts MMF – Multimedia Filter
• TSS – Total Susspended Solids IX- Ion Exchange
• RO – Reverse Osmosis ORP – Oxygen Retention Potential
• UF – Ultrafitration EC – Electrical Conductivity
• BWT – Boiler Water Treatment Demin – Demineralisation
• CWT – Cooling Water Treatment
• SDI – Silt Density Index
• AC – Activated Carbon
• AA – Activated Alumina
• MemChem – Membrane Chemicals
• WWTP – Waste Water Treatment plant (STP/ETP/Biodigester)
GLOBAL WATER CHALLENGES
Availability
Quality
Energy
Environmental
• Growing population and industry
• Climate change and draught
• Deteriorating water quality
• Increased industrial pollution
• Energy to increase ~30% by 2030
• Demand for water to increase ~40%
• Stricter regulation on discharge/withdrawal
• Water reuse incentives and mandates
Growing water scarcity and
impairment
Global Water Cycle
COMMON CONTAMINANTS
Surface Water - bacteria, colour, sediment, odor.
Shallow Well water - bacteria, nitrates, sewage infiltration.
Borehole/Ground Water.
Iron & Manganese – turbidity and colour
Fluoride – weak bones, discoloured teeth
Calcium Carbonate Hardness – deposition of scale on
boilers, cooling towers etc.
Sea Water – Saline (High in Sodium and Chlorides)
REQUIREMENTS WHEN DESIGNING A
WT SYSTEM
• Source of water
Rain water – Pure
Surface water – Silted, bacteria
Sea - Saline water (high chlorides & sodium)
Ground water – Quality depends on rock around aquifer
• Daily water requirement
• Hours of operation
• Intended use of the water
• Water analysis
• Site location
• Budget
PROPER WATER ANALYSIS REPORTS Required in order to determine suitable treatment method
PhysicalTurbidity
Colour, pH, TSS
Chemical analysis
Dissolved minerals/salts/solids
Hardness/Saline
Bacteriological analysisAll water for human consumption must be sterilized
WATER ANALYSIS REPORT
PRINCIPAL TREATMENT STAGES
Primary Treatment
Collection – intake structures, pumping
Screening
Secondary treatment
Chemical injection
Sedimentation/Clarification
Filtration (Sand, Special media, UF, RO)
Tertiary treatment Sterilization by Chlorine, UV, Ozone
Potable
Water
Well
Water
Surface
Water
Suspended
Solids/Organics
Removal, Colour
Microbial
Contamination
Filtration
Dual Media Filters
Sand Filters
Bag filtration
Ultrafiltration
Cartridge Filter
Disinfection
UV treatment
Chlorine
Ozone
PRINCIPAL UNIT OPERATIONS
Borehole
Water
Dissolved Minerals
Hard Water
Iron/ManganeseFluoride
Dissolved Minerals
Others
Special Resins
Softening
Birm Filtration
Activated Alumina
Reverse Osmosis
pH Adjustment
Iron/Manganese
Chemical injection
Acid/Alkali
Flocculant
Antiscalant
Pressure driven membrane processes
PARTICLE FILTRATION (GLASS/SAND MEDIA FILTERS)
Post
Chlorination
unit
Clean water
tank
Raw
water
tank
Sand filter
Back Wash
Pump
Booster
set
Filtration Process Flow
DAYLIFF CX & CXD;
• Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)
• Standard & High Pressure (<3Bar)
• Non-corroding Construction
• Auto-air bleeding
• Multiport valves
• Special media
• Mild Steel
• Standard & Deep Bed
• S/S on special order
• Higher pressure (5.5Bar)
• Special media
• Manual control valve
DAYLIFF FC RANGE
PENTAIR PXD INDUSTRIAL FILTERS
• Automated Operation (Pentair Electric Control).
• Deep Bed configuration (Specialized media).
• Fiber-reinforced plastic (GRP)
• Higher pressure (10Bar)
• High efficiency internal flow arrangement for
even filtration and effective backwash.
HYDRA SELF CLEANING FILTERS
To Plant
To Waste
WG/WP PROCESS FLOW
Raw water
tank
WP500
pH
adjustmentFlocculant
dosing
Chlorination
unit
Booster
pump
1ST Stage
Sand filter
Clean water
tank
2nd Stage
Sand filter
WG & WP
( SURFACE WATER TREATMENT)
DAYLIFF WP PLANT 10,000L/HR
WG PLANT 500L/HR
LARGE WP PLANTS KWAT 25/50
• Designed in
Collaboration with
Kenya Red Cross
• Suitable For Disaster response, communities, small towns
• Largest capacity so far
50m3/hr (1million liters a day)
MICROFILTRATION (MF)
• Removes contaminants by passage through a microporous
membrane.
• Pore size range is 0.1 to 10 microns (µm)
• A low −pressure membrane separation system, the membrane
acts as a “sieve” using “mesopores” for particulate removal
• Applied pressure: 0.1−2.0 bar
ULTRAFILTRATION
(MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY)
Ultrafiltration Fundamentals
UF: membrane process based on size exclusion (physical sieving). Reject particles, colloids, SS, oxidized Fe/Mn, microorganisms...
What UF cannot reject: DOM, Non-Oxidized Fe/Mn,Hardness, Salts, dissolved matter in general.
DOW™ UF – Product Specs
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT
WAVE SIMULATION SAMPLE REPORT
DOW IntegraPac™ Concept
Our Customers’ needs…
Reduce engineering and installation complexity
Reduce delivery time
Reduce transport and handling cost
Compact solutions where there is space constraints
Reduce capacity expansion costs
More cost effective
DOW IntegraPac™ Concept
Advantges:
Lower footprint (single stage process)
Higher and more consistent filtrate quality,
independently of the feed water quality
Rejects pathogens resistant to chlorination
Lower chemical use (coagulant, pH
adjustment,…)
Easier maintenance (highly automated
operation)
Easier expandability
Supports shipment by container
Minimized Fittings & Materials
Dayliff Ultrafiltration Range
Can treat murky surface
water Suitable for
treating water at
POUSuitable for remote
areas with no
power
Githunguri Dairy (Fresha) 30m3/hr - Processing
AQUASENTRY MANUAL UF
• Removes particles, bacteria, cysts etc
• Uses hollow fibre membrane
• Based on simple gravity principle
• Standalone or in parallel connection
• Low cost, no power, no chemicals
• 10,000litres per day
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PENTAIR LINEGUARD UNITSystem based on ultrafiltration (UF – Inside/out)
Benefits;
• Pore SIZE 20nm( 0,02 µ)
• High flow rate (60LPM)
• Programmable Controller
• Advanced Backwash cycles
• No pump required in pressurized lines (4Bar)
• Low energy consumption, < 0.015 kWh/m3
• TSS < 0.1 mg/l
• Turbidity < 0.3 NTU
35
Malachite LTD– Bateleur Brewery
REVERSE OSMOSIS
(& PRETREATMENT)
Water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane (0.001 micron/µ) at very high pressure = High energy costs
Reduction of salinity and removal of fluoride
Very high quality ‘permeate’water has < 96.5% of the original inlet mineral salt content.
The ‘concentrate’ reject water will carry many times the original inlet mineral salt content.
REVERSE OSMOSIS
RO FEED WATER QUALITY GUIDELINE
Parameter Typical Limits
Turbidity Prefer < 0.2 NTU, 1.0 Max
SDI15 Prefer < 3, Up to 5 accepted
Iron < 0.05 ppm
Manganese < 0.05 ppm
Aluminum < 0.1 ppm
TOC < 3 ppm
Silica <40 ppm
pH TFC (5.0 – 9.0)
Temperature 55-85F (12.7 – 30C)
LSI Use appropriate antiscalant
Barium Use appropriate antiscalant
Strontium Use appropriate antiscalant
Phosphate Use appropriate antiscalant
Different types of Water
WHY USE PRE-TREATMENT?
RO is designed to filter out dissolved solids not
suspended solids.
Pre-treating the feed water will increase the life
and recovery of the membranes.
In the long run – you will SAVE money if you
pre-treat.
GOOD PRE-TREATMENT = GOOD RO
PERFORMANCE
WHY PRETREAT THE WATER• Scaling
– Precipitation of solutes onto membrane surface
– Occurs at tail end
– Heavy metals, H2S, Silica, Hardness etc
• Fouling
– Growth of bacteria on membrane surface forming slime layer
– Occurs throughout membrane
– COD & BOD
• Clogging
– Deposits of silt in membrane
– Throughout membrane but most common at front.
– Metal Oxides, TSS (colloids, clays, silts, etc.)
• Membrane Degradation
– Chlorine damages RO membranes
MM4 SAMPLE REPORT
SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
FEED PERMEATE
CONCENTRATE
Streams in a cross-flow filtration: feed,
permeate, and concentrate/retentate/brine
Basic definitions describing the performance1) Flux is a measure of membrane productivity, or how
much volume of permeate can be prepared per unit
of membrane surface area.
The units of flux are: l/m2/hour (lmh)
2) Rejection The percentage of solids that do not pass
through a membrane.Rejection = (1- (Permeate Quality / Feed Quality)) x 100%
3) System Recovery Ratio of permeate flow to feed flow
of an entire membrane system
(71.5 lpm / 178.75 lpm) x 100% = 40% recovery
178.5 lpm
Feed Permeate
71.5 lpm
Concentrate107.25 lpm
TYPICAL RECOVERIES
• Recovery = Permeate Flow / Feed Flow
• % Recovery = (Permeate Rate / Feed
Rate) x 100
RO 65-85%
SWRO 35-45%
NF 80-90%
UF 80-95%
MEMBRANE ARRAY
• The designed arrangement of membrane
housings
• The number of housings placed in
parallel and in series depending on the
application
Schematic figure of a membrane
MULTI STAGE SYSTEM
• 2 stages can give up to 75% recovery, 3 give
higher recoveries. (6 membranes per stage),
DAYLIFF DRO8 SPECIFICATIONS
REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT
Post
Chlorination
unit
Clean water
tank
Borehole
Activated Carbon
filter
pH
Adjustment
unit
Anti scalant
Dosing unit
Raw
water
tank
Booster
set
RO 8m3/hr
Sand filter
Self cleaning
filter
Booster
set
Chlorination
unit
WAVE SIMULATION REPORT
NANO-FILTRATION
(MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY)
NF DESIGN
A membrane liquid separation between RO and UF.
Removes molecules in the 0.001µ range.
Used where the high salt rejection of RO is not necessary, F
Removal of hardness elements such as Ca or Mg.
Operates on lower pressure than RO,
Low Energy consumption
St. Francis Community Hospital UF & NF
ION EXCHANGE SYSTEMS
Activated Alumina Process layout
Chlorination
unitPh minus
AdjusterPh plus
Adjuster
To storage
tank
Borehole
Raw water
tank
Booster set
Sand filter Activated Alumina
filter
Regenerat
ion
chemical
tank Regeneration
pump
WATER SOFTENERS
• Hardness:• Ca & Mg Ions
• Scaling in Kettles & Boilers
• No Foam with Soap
• Softening• Removal of Hardness
Ions by Ion Exchange
• Ion Exchange Resin
• Regeneration with salt
Atlas Filtri Softeners
• 30AVL & 70AVL
• 1.8m3/hr & 3m
3/hr
• Includes; Resin & brine
tanks, Autotrol valve
Sterilization • Microorganisms are killed (harmful & harmless)
• Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and reproduction.
• Chlorination – the most common method
• Chlorine available as Chlorine 65 powder
• Has a residual effect ↑
• Introduces smell and taste to water ↓
• UV sterilization
• used for clear, micro-filtered water
• UV has no residual effect
DISINFECTION
CHEMICAL DOSING PUMPS
Seko AMM/AML
Standard unit
Dosing Range 5-lit/hr
Grundfos Alldos
Higher Flow Rates
Grundfos Quality & Reliability
Dosing Range 6 to 115-lit/hr
CHEMICAL TANKS & ELECTRIC MIXERS
• Provide chemical concentrate
consistency.
• Low Speed 200rpm.
• Suitable for low and medium
viscosity liquids.
• Mixers available with 150mm
and 220mm paddle diameter.
UV STERILIZATION
UV SYSTEMS
Model
Flowrate
l/hr
UV 403AL 600
UV 405AL 1200
UV 440LCD 3600
UV 550LCD 6000
UV 80/2RACK 8000
UV 80/3RACK 20000
KLORMAN INLINE
10,000lt per cartridge at 50ppm
KLORMAN 2000
• 17kg tablets Can disinfect
16million liters of water at
1ppm
• Suitable for commercial
application e.g. WSPs
• Versatile
• Trouble Free- No moving
parts
KLORMAN APPLICATIONS• Food processing facilities
• Shelf life enhancement
• Potable water disinfection
• Environmental hygine
• Pre and post harvest
• Medical facilities
• Animal kennels
BUCCANEER INLINE
One charge of 6 refill
cartridges will dose 8,000
m3 to 1 ppm free chlorine
BUCCANEER APPLICATIONS
• Potable water disinfection (Municipal/Private)
• Sewerage effluent treatment
• Shelf life enhancement of food
• Bio fouling control
• Irrigation water dissinfection
• Pre and post harvest disinfection
• Fruit & Vegetable washing
DOSATRON
Proportional Dosing Pump Powered Only by Water Pressure
Dosing rate proportional to flow rate
Sizing by flow rate on line
and percentage of the dosage required
GENESYS CHEMICALS
• Genefloc GPF Flocculant - Improved performance of RO Equipment;
• Genesol 38 - RO Low pH Membrane Cleaning;
• Genesol 704 - RO High pH Membrane Cleaning;
• Genesol 30 - RO Biocide for Pre-Treatment and Cleaning;
• Genesys LF - RO Anti Scalant Pre-Treatment;
• Genesys SI - RO Anti Scalant Pre-Treatment;
• Genesys RC – RO Anti Scalant Pre-Treatment;
• Activated Carbon Reduces:
• color and odor
• Organic chemicals
• Birm speeds up reaction between DO and Iron/Manganese.
• Aqualite removes heavy metals and can filter down to 2mic
• Activated Alumina Fluoride content by adsorption
• DMI 65
SPECIAL RESINS
DOMESTIC PURIFIERS
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
(SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT)
STAGES OF WWTP1st Stage – Stabilization Chamber
• Raw waste flows into this chamber.
• Settling of large particles and grit occurs.
• Introduction of Enzyme Bacteria.
2nd Stage - Aeration Chamber
• Aeration pump installed to provide aerobic conditions for breakdown of
decomposable wastes.
3rd Stage – Sedimentation Chamber
• Final settlement occurs here.
• Submersible pump is installed to recycle sludge back to the Stabilization chamber.
4th Stage – Clarification Chamber
• Clean/clarified water collects .
• Filter pump installed here to pump clarified water through the CXD filter.
5th Stage - Chlorination
• Chlorine dosing is done to sanitize clarified water.
• Suitable quality for irrigation purposes or discharge to storm drains.
• Treated water meets NEMA standards.
BIOROCK
• A revolutionary compact
WWTP system.
• No need for power.
• No moving parts.
• Silent operation.
• Minimal maintenance.
• Ease of handling and
installation
• Suitable for domestic
applications
SEQUENCE BATCH REACTOR (SBR)
• Provides full Carbon and Nitrogen removal - high quality effluent.
• Easy to retrofit to existing septic tanks
• Suitable for re-use – irrigation & toilet flushing.
• Suitable for discharged into sensitive water courses.
• 100PE, 150PE, 200PE, 350PE, 500PE, 650PE, 800PE & 1000PE
79
SBR MINI
• 10PE, 20PE, 40PE, 60PE & 80PE
• Suitable for sites with failing septic tanks &
sites that exhaust sewer
BIOPURE• Highly Stable Fixed Film
Technology
• Incredibly Versatile but also Simple
• Excellent process control
• Robust Process –Survives difficult conditions e.g. power cuts, flooding, toxic shock, poor design
• Low sludge wasting frequencies
• Quick delivery times - 1 month
• Modular configuration
• Customizable design
81
BIOFUTURE
• BFL Septa Clean 500g/1l – Septic Tanks.
• BFL 4000SU – Start up/reseeding
• Resort Blend – Hotels/Lodges
• BFL Grease clean – Fats, Oils, greases
• BFL Toilet Clean – Toilets & Urinals
• BFL Odour Clean – Odour Control
CONTAINERISED UNITS