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several stations, we returned, slid-ing down a steep tiope of sand andcinders, 700 feet in height, to ourcamp, where a repast awaited us,that reminded one of the HamiltonHouse. It is enough to say that ourworthy chef de cusisine was LouisKoch, well known to former guestsof the Hamilton and later of the Vol-cano House.

During the following Light thethermometer fell to 13 deg. Fahr.We did not, however, suffer fromcold, although the confinement ofthe blan ket bags became rather irk-some. A small kerosene stove waskept burning all night, which nodoubt helped somewhat to keep upthe temperature of the air within thetent.

On Monday, the 25th, the thermo-meter stood at 20 deg. at sunrise.Messrs. Muir and Alexander as-

cended the second highest peak onthe northwest, overlooking Waimea,13,645 feet in height to continue theirurvey. In the cairn on the summit

a tin can was found, which containsbrief records of the visits of five dif-ferent parties from 1870 to the pres-ent time, to which we added our own.A party of eight girls from Hilo,"personally conducted" by Dr. Wet-mor- e

and D. H. Hitchcock, Esq., in1876, must have been a merry one.Capt. Long of H. B. M.'s Ship Fan-tom- e

had visited this spot in 1876,and Dr. Arning with several Kohalaresidents in 1885.

The same afternoon the surveyorsoccupied the summit of Lilince, ahigh rocky crater, a mile southeast ofthe central hills and a little over 13,000feet in elevation. Here, as at otherplacei on the plateau, ancient gravesare to be found. In the olden time,it was a common practice of thenatives in the surroundiug region tocarry up the bones of their deceasedrelatives to the summit plateau forburial.

During the following night thethermometer fell to 14 0 and stood at18 at 6unrise. After breakfastthe surveying party ascended thethird peak, east of Lake Waiau, andabout 420 feet above it, where theytook the closing sets of angles, andconnected the latitude pier with theeeheme of triangulation.

On their return the tents werestruck, and instruments packed upin readiness for the pack train, whicharrived about 11 a. m. Soon after-wards the fog closed in around us,and lasted till nightfall. Wre bidfarewell to the lako about 1:30 p. m.,and arrived at the Kalaieha Stationbefore 6 p. m., without any mishap,having stopped half an hour at"Keanakakoi," the Axe-maker- s' cave.This is situated about a mile southof Waiau, and a hundred yards westof the trail, in a ledge of that hard,fine grained kind of rock, which an-cient Hawaiians preferred for theirstone implements. Here we saw thesmall cave in which the axe makerslodged, their fire place, and remainsot the shell fish which they ate. Infront of it is an immense heap ofstone flakes and chips some 60 feetacross and 20 or 30 feet high. Nearby several hundred unfinished axesare piled up just as they were left bytho manufacturers, when the arrivalof foreign ships and the introductionof iron tools had ruined their trade.Around the entrance of the cave thenative dandelion or pualele (Sonchusoleraceus) was growing at an elevation of 12,800 feet. It was here thatthe late Dr. Hillebrand found acurious idol, which is still in the pos-session of his family.

Ou arriving at Kalaieha we learnedthat the pack mules had precededus, and were already unloaded. Noneof the costly and delicate instru-ments employed had received theslightest iojury. All the objects ofthe expedition had been successfullyattained. I know of but one otherinstance on record when gravitymeasurements of precision have beenmade at so great a height.

Mr. Preston's final report will belooked for with interest by the scien-tific world, and will add anotherlaurel to his well-earne- d reputationas a physicist and astronomer.

W. D. A.

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Assets January 1st, 1892, - $42,432,17400

through loose volcanic sand amidclouds of dust. Occasional flocks ofquails or pigeons were the only livingcreatures to be seen.

At leDgth the vegetation began tobe more dense, the patches of piipiigrass and the groves of the beautifuland useful mamane or sophora treemore frequent, as we approached theHilo district. Barbed wire fencesshowed that we were approachingcivilization, and at last we came insight of the Kalieha Sheep Stationwith its neat buildings, its watertanks and telephone lines, andgeneral air of thrift, all testifying tothe energy and foresight of its man-ager, A. Haneberg, Esq.

Nearly every afternoon this regionis enveloped in dense fog whichpours in from the east, driven by thetrade wind. At night, during ourstay, the thermometer generally fellbelow 40 0 Fahr., and frost is notuncommon. The elevation, accord-ing to the barometer, is about 6700feet.

Quails abound, and the mountaingeese and wild ducks are found inthe " Middle Ground." The mongoose has not yet arrived there.Wild cattle and boars are still nu-merous on the slopes of Mauna Kea,and the former supplied the bestbeef we have tasted in these islands.The present manager has been atmuch labor and expense in extirpat-ing two pests, which are said to havebeen accidentally introduced fromNew Zealand, viz., the Scotch thistleand the gorse.

Here Mr. Preston established anastronomical and pendulum station,and made complete series of obser-vations, as at Kawaibae, while sur-veys were made to connect it withthe primary triangulation. The partywas then joined by Mr. E. D. Baldwin, from Hilo, who brought twopack animals and a muleteer, and byMr. J. J. Mnir, from Mana. Mr.Baldwin had visited the summit in1890, and had afterwards male av finable map of the central part ofHawaii.

Tug first start for the summit wasmade on the morning of July 19th,but an ambitious mule, which had thehonor of carrying the magnetic in-

struments, ran away in the thick fog,and was not found till 3 p. sr., aftersix hours of searching. Fortunatelyno harm had been done to the instru-ments.

The next morning the thermometerstood at 35 0 Fahr. The fog clearedoff early, and a finer day for theascent could not be imagined. Mr.Haneberg now took command of thepack train, and had the caravanloaded and set in motion by 7:45 a m ,the guide riding in front, followed byeleven pack mules and as many menon horseback. One sturdy brute car-ried the pendulum receiver, weighingabout one hundred pounds, on oneside, balanced by bags of cement onthe other.

After riding nearly two miles dueeast from the ranch, we turned to thenorth, gradually ascending througha belt of country thickly covered withgroves of mamane.

We crossed a shallow craterjust east of a conspicuous peakcalled "Ka lepe a moa," or cock's

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Although tho ascent of MaunaKea presents no great difficulty andhas often been described, yet a briefaccount of a late scientific expedi-tion to its summit may bo of interestto your readers.

The results of Mr. E. D. Preston'swork on Haleakala in 1887 were sohighly appreciated by scientificmen, that the American Academy ofSciences recommended that a similar series of observations should bemade on Mauna Kea. It was also de-

cided to include in the plans a seriesof magnetic observations at a numberof important points in the islands.

The U. S. ftoast and GeodeticSurvey agreed to grant Mr. Prestonleave of absence for the purpose, andto lend the necessary instruments,while the trustees of the Bache fundof whom Prof. Dana is one, offeredto apply its income to the sameobject. As this sum, however, wasinsufficient, a correspondence wasopened as early as 1889, with theHawaiian Government Survey, whichpromised to assist in transportation,and to furnish at least one assistantto record the observations, in con-sideration of the value of the mag-netic and latitude work.

The plan would have been carriedout last summer, if Mr. Preston hadnot been selected to co operate withDr. A. Marcuse in carrying on aseries of latitude observations of thehighest degree of precision at Waikiki for a year, beginning about the1st of June, 1891. As is well known,this laborious and delicate task wascompleted to the entire satisfactionof astronomers, and the way was nowopen for the execution of his orig-inal design. He decided to makecomplete series of pendulum, lati-

tude and magnetic observations atthe sea level, on the side of MaunaKea, and again on its summit; oneimportant object beiog to determineits specific gravity, aud, as it were, toweigh the mountaiu. The stations occupied were to be carefully connectedby survey with the triangulation ofthe Government survey.

Tne party left Honolulu for Ka-waiha- e

June 25th, consisting of Mr.E. D. Preston, astronomer, Mr. W.E. Wall, his assistant. Prof. W. D.Alexander, surveyor and quarter-master for the party, and Messrs.V. W. Chamberlain andLuuis Koch.The first station occupied was m

the village of Kawaihae, near thesea, in a lot belonging to His Ex. S.Parker, to whom as well as to hisagent, Mr. Jarrett, the party are in- -

debtea tor many repeated Kina anagenerous acts. The appearance ofthe place has been greatly changedby the grovej of cocoanut and alga-rob- a

trees, that have grown up oflate, and by the formation of astrip of new land along the shore,more than 100 feet wide, within thelast fifty years. Like Lahainait is rich in historic ruins and inreminiscences of better days.

Our next move was to the grassyand wind-swe- pt plain of Waimea,2600 feet above the sea, where weenjoyed a complete change ofclimate, and had glorious views ofthe three great mountains of Ha-waii. We could not help noticing,too, the evident fertility of the soil,and the neglected opportunities forhomestead farms. Only magneticobservations were made here, whilewe were preparing for the ascent ofthe mountain. Here we engaged ourguide, hired our horses and part ofour pack mules, and had our freight,("impedimentas" as Ciesar appropri-ately called it,) carted thirty fivemiles farther, half-wa- y around themountain to the Kolaieha Sheep Sta-tion. We made this our base of op-

erations in attacking the mountain,in order to dispense as much as pos-sible with the use of pack mules, onaccount of the heavy and costly in-

struments which we were obliged tocarry. A wagon road made by theowners of the Humuula Sheep Ranchleads from Waimea around the western aud southern sides of MannaKea. On the western side of themountain it passes through a regionwhich only needs more rainfall tomake it a superb grazing country.The ancient forests here, as at Wai-mea, have been nearly exterminated,but a fine grove of mamane treesstill survives at the AuwaiakeakuaRanch. The manieuie grass is grad-ually spreading and will in time addimmensely to the value of the land.At the half-wa- y station, called Waikii, water tanks and a rest househave been provided for teamsters.After turning the corner we skirtedthe desolate plain studded with vcl-can- ic

cones that lies between thegiant mountains of Hawaii, riding

time of our visit. The overflow hasworn out a deep ravine, which runsfirst to west and then to the south-west. A spring on the southern sideof the mountain, called "Wai Hu," isbelieved by the natives to be con-nected with this lake. The elevationof Waiau is at least 13,050 feet, whichis 600 feet higher than Fujiyama.There are few bodies of water in theworld higher than this, except inThibet or on the plateau of Pamir.No fish are found in its waters, nordo any water-fow- l frequent its mar-gins. Its depth was not sounded, asit was proved by experiment that wehad not adequate means for navigating it. Small tufts of grass anddelicate ferns were found growingamong the rocks around the lake.

After the pack train had beenphotographed, the largo tent waspitched close to the shore of WTaiau,and all the animals were sent back tothe ranch except one unfortunatemule, which was treated to a feed ofoats and blanketed for the night.

All of the party were more or lessaffected by shortness of breath, buttwo of them had a severe attack ofmountain sickness before supper.After suffering extremely for thirty-si- x

hours without any signs of im-

provement, they returned to Kaiaiheon the 22d, leaving five persons inthe camp, taking tho mule withthem. The writer was hors de combat the day after the ascent with anold fashioned sick headache, but hadno further trouble from tnat cause.

During each of the six nightswhich we spent on the summit thetemperature fell much below thefreezing point, registering 25 deg.,18 deg., 14 deg., and even 13 deg.Fahr., and considerable ice formedaround the margin of the lake. During the day tho maximum of thethermometer in the shade was gener-ally between 60 deg and 63 deg., butwhen exposed to th sun on the rocksit rose to 108 deg. The hygrometerindicated an exceptionally dry atmosphere.

A solid pier of masonry was builtfor the meridian circle, and a flatrock moved into position to serve asa stand for the pendulum apparatus.Such was the clearness of the air thatstar observations were usually commenced before 5 p. m. Contrary toexpectation we found the trade windblowing as strong on the summit asit did below at Kalaieha.

Of Mr. Preston's work it maybriefly be said that it was entirelysuccessful. The opportunity wasgreat and he made the most of it.Complete series of magnetic, latitudeand pendulum observations weremade, besides the observations of thebarometer and thermometer, and alarge number of interesting photo-graphs were taken from differentpoints of view. In the meantime atopographical survey was made ofthe summit plateau, in which Mr. J.J. Muir's assistance was most oppor-tune and valuable. On the 22d ashort base line was measured with asteel tape and a minute survey madeof the lake and its neighborhood. Onthe same day two of our men cameup with two pack mules, bringingthe Honolulu mail, a load of fire-wood and some fresh provisions.

The next day, the 23d, Mr. Muirand the writer together with theguide ascended the central hill,about a mile and a half from ourcamp and 800 feet higher. It en-closes two small craters. Tho scram-ble up that huge pile of cinders inthe rarefied air is a severe strain onweak lungs. The pulse rose in onecase to 120, and in another to 150per minute. The old trig, station,which had formerly been sighted tofrom several points below, was nowoccupied with an instrument for thefirst time. The difference of heightbetween this station and the nextsummit was found by levelling to beabout 45 feet, as it had been esti-mated in 1872. The highest point isprobably not less than 13,820 feetabove the sea.

The view from the summit wassublime beyond description, embrac-ing, as it did, the three other greatmountains of Hawaii, and the grandold "House of the Sun," 75 milesdistant, looming up clear and dis-tinct above a belt of clouds. MaunaLoa was perceptibly a trifle lowerthan the point where we stood.Without casting up any looseheaps of sand and scoria, itsmnjestic dome has risen withiniou ieet or tne highest lointreached by its rival. Its sufacewas streaked by numerous recentlava streams, while a deep cift,which breaks the smooth curve, ga eus a glimpse into the vast termin? .

crater of Mokuaweoweo.On the windward side of the su a

mit ridge and in the craters w t :

several large patches of snow, t r

three feet thick, composed ..L

large crystals, like coarse salt. Whileating our lunch cn the summit--

, wewere surprised to see carrion fliesat that altitude, attracted by it.

After surveying and sketching at

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comb, and began to ascend the mountain proper. After climbing a steepridge through loose scoria and sand,the party halted for lunch at an ele-vation of 10,500 feet. The upperlimit of the mamane tree is not farfrom 10,000 feet. Tho Raillardia,apiipii, extends a thousand feethigher. The beautiful Silver Sword(Argyroxiphium), once so abundant,is nearly extinct, except in the mostrugged and inaccessible localities.

The trail next turned to the east,winding around an immense sandcrater called "Keonehehee," 11,500feet in elevation, which stands at theedge of the summit plateau. Furtherto the southeast we were shown apillar of stones which was raised tocommemorate Queen Emma's jour-ney over the mountain to Waimea in1883.

The summit plateau, which is per-haps five miles in width, graduallyslopes up from all sides towards thecentral group of hills. It is studdedwith cones (most of which containcraters), composed of light scoria,like those in the crater of Haleakala.The surface of the plateau is strewnwith blocks of light colored, finegrained, feldspathic lava, inter-spersed with patches of black sand.

The rarity of the air was now feltby both men and animals, and it required forcible arguments to makethe laggards keep up with the col-umn. At last, about 3 p.m., we clam-bered over the rim of a low craterwest of the central cones, and sawbefore us the famous lakelet ofWaiau, near which we camped. It is

i an oval sheet of the purest water, anacre and three quarters in extent,surrounded by an encircling ridgefrom 90 to 135 feet in height, exceptat the northwest corner, where thereis an outlet, which was only two feetabove the level of the lake at the

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