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Pages 168-171
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More than 1,000 years ago fields of corn, beans, & squash bloomed in the desert southwest
The Hohokams◦ Means vanished ones planted these fields◦ Built a complex irrigation system to farm desert◦ Lived near Gila River in present-day Arizona◦ Built temple mounds & ball courts like the Mayans◦ Survived until 1500
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Anasazi◦ Best-known society of the southwest◦ Lived in Four Corners region of Arizona, New Mexico,
Colorado, & Utah◦ Built pueblos between 900-1300 AD◦ Pueblo Bonito
Pueblo village consisted of a huge complex with 800 rooms that housed about 6,000 people
At the center was a plaza where they dug their kiva which is a large underground chamber for religious ceremonies
◦ Cliff Dwellings Late 1100’s Anasazi built housing in the shadow of canyon
walls Mesa Verde largest of these is located in Colorado & had over 200
rooms Late 1200’s long drought forced the Anasazi to abandon these
◦ Their traditions survived among the Hopi & Pueblo tribes
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Mississippi & Ohio valleys other farming cultures emerged in 700 BC
The Adena & Hopewells left behind giant earthen mounds
Some cone shaped others animal shaped Great Serpent Mound in Ohio wiggles & twist
for ¼ mile Objects in these show that traders extended
their influence over a wide area. They brought back shells & shark teeth from the Gulf of Mexico & copper from the Great Lakes region.
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Cahokia◦ 800 AD early cultures disappeared & Mississippians
gained influence ◦ Cahokia was their greatest center in present-day
Illinois & housed over 40,000 people around 1200 AD◦ It had at least 60 mounds◦ Largest mound had a temple on its summit where
priests held ceremonies.◦ Archaeologists think that this temple mound shows
influence of Middle American civilizations Heirs of the Mound Builders
◦ Mississippians left no written records & cities disappeared by European arrival
◦ Natchez people carried on their traditions
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10 culture areas based on environments lived in prior to 1500 each one had to adapt ways of life to the environment◦ Arctic◦ Subarctic◦ Northwest Coast◦ California◦ Great Basin◦ Plateau◦ Southwest◦ Great Plains◦ Eastern Woodlands◦ Southeast
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Late immigrants from Siberia called Eskimos (eaters of raw flesh) by Native Americans they called themselves Inuits (the People)
Lived in small bands surviving by hunting & fishing
Seals & other sea mammals gave them food, clothing, tools, & oils for cooking
Built kayaks, igloos, dog sleds,& partially underground sod dwellings
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Had a far richer environment that the Inuits Rivers contained plenty of salmon Hunters tracked deer, wolves, & bears in
the forest People built large permanent villages with
wooden homes Shared surplus goods in a potlatch
ceremony◦ Held in Canada today person of wealth distributes
lavish gifts to large numbers of guests.
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Eastern Woodlands stretched from the Atlantic Coast to the Great Lakes & was home to the Iroquios
They cleared land & built villages in the forest Late 1500’s Dekanawidah urged rival Iroquois to stop
their fighting He became one of the founders of the political system
known as the Iroquois League◦ 5 Nation alliance shared traditions & spoke same language◦ Only men sat on the council, but each clan had a clan
mother to name or depose council members◦ League emerged right when Europeans arrived
Encounters with the Europeans took a toll on North American peoples & toppled the Aztecs & Incans
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