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Hormones and Receptors
• Pairing between signal and receiver • Synthesis and processing of Hs • Regulation of Hs, Rs • Many are closely related
• Questions???
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Assignment • Textbook pages to reinforce today (pg. 109-130)
• Two extra credit assignments posted • Nothing quizzable for Tuesday
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BIG questions • Why do organisms pair up to reproduce?
• Why should this pairing up mean that they take 2 distinct forms?
• How do they come to take these distinct forms -- female and male?
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• Sexual Dimorphism -- different forms for female, male; how far does this extend?
• Sexual Differentiation -- process of becoming different
• Developmental program
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sex determination
• Temperature in turtles
• Social factors in fish
• For mammals, genetic determination (XX or XY)
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• Until 1 month, no differences = indifferent gonad ���Sry gene makes Sry protein ���à indifferent gonad to be testis. ���
• Absence of Sry protein allows gonad to hang out - later becomes ovary ���
• Pattern is called single anlage - the F/M organ derives from same structure
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• If testis is present, it secretes
– Testosterone (steroid) – Anti-Mullerian Factor/Hormone (= Mullerian
Inhibiting Hormone) (protein)
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• If testis is present, it secretes
– Testosterone (steroid) – Anti-Mullerian Factor/Hormone (= Mullerian
Inhibiting Hormone) (protein)
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• T à DHT (by enzyme) – Growth of penis/maturation of scrotum
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• Dual anlagen: – Wolffian ducts - epididymis etc. – Mullerian ducts - uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes ���
• Single anlage: – Genital tubercle – clitoris OR penis – Genital folds – labia OR scrotum
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Environmental influences
• Red deer – High status ==> more males – Stress ==> more females
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X1200044X Small predictor of toy choices at 14 months???
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Puberty Body changes Hormonal changes Behavioral changes
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Puberty
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Is SRY responsible for everything?
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Variations • Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
– Mutation on X chromosome • Affects males only
• Gonad? • Sex steroids? • Ducts? • Genitals? • Gender Identity?
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Nelson CP and Gearhart JP (2004) Current views on evaluation, management, and gender assignment of the intersex infant. Nat Clin Pract Urol 1: 38–43 doi:10.1038/ncpuro0028
Figure 3 Newborn genetic female (46XX) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to complete 21-hydroxylase deficiency
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Variations • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
– Significant for females • Gonad? • Sex steroids? • Ducts? • Genitals? • Gender Identity?
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Figure 4. Two patients with 5a-reductase deficiencies. Two patients with 5a-reductase deficiencies. A, Before puberty, the patient presents as a phenotypic female. B, After puberty, a normal male body habitus develops. Note the muscular development and masculine appearance in response to endogenous testosterone. (Adapted from Peterson [27].)
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Variations • 5 α reductase deficiency
– What does this do? • Gonad? • Sex steroids? • Ducts? • Genitals? • Gender Identity?
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Figure 1. Patient with Klinefelters syndrome (XXY karyotype). Patient with Klinefelters syndrome (XXY karyotype). Note the relatively normal masculine appearance except for gynecomastia.
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Variations • Klinefelter’s syndrome
– Extra X chromosome
• Gonad? • Sex steroids? • Ducts? • Genitals? • Gender Identity?
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Variations • Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS)
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Feminizing Genital Reconstruction: Experience with 52 Cases of Ambiguous Genitalia A. Al-Bassam1, A. Gado1 1 Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Timeframe
• Will hormones reverse your sex in adulthood? Any part of it?
• Permanent effects (organizational) • Reversible effects (activational)