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Paladin®, Pic-Clor 60®, and Pic-Clor 80® (Chloropicrin): Drip- and Shank-applied
under Retentive Film for Strawberry
Production in California
USDA-Pacific Area-Wide Methyl Bromide Alternatives Program
Mona Othman, Shachaf Dotan, Jonathan Hunzie, and Husein Ajwa
University of California Davis, Salinas
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Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) EPA Registration was granted in 2010
(Arkema and United Phosphorus, Inc.) Applied only under VIF/TIF Used as a flavoring for an onion or garlic taste
in some processed cheese and meat (0.02-10 ppm) Efficacy/formulation??
Paladin: a new soil fumigant
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ODOR
DMDS (PALADIN® ) has a strong, objectionable odor which can be detected at concentrations significantly below the levels that can potentially cause harm. The odor is a garlic-like or natural gas and may be confused with the odor of or propane leak.
Minimum tarp removal on the label is 14 days. With VIF/TIF tarps and for odor mitigation, minimum tarp removal is based on soil temp and the plant back chart.
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Laboratory dose-response studies
80% inhibitory concentration (MIC80)
Soil
fumigant
Application rate to control 80% of pathogens population (lbs/ac)
Fusarium
Oxysporum
Pythium
ultimum
Rhizoctonia
solani
Tylenchulus
semipenetrans
Verticillium
dahlia
DMDS:Pic
(79:21) 288 144 432 72 370
MBr:Pic
(50:50) 150 75 300 38 275
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Marketable yield
(g/plant)
Total yield
(g/plant)
Treatments (lbs/acre)
Relative to MBr/Pic %
Relative to MBr/Pic %
Untreated (VIF) 73 76
Paladin 79/21 @ 40 gpa (VIF) 96 96
Paladin 79/21 @ 50 gpa (VIF) 92 94
Paladin pure @ 51 gpa (VIF) 97 97
Paladin 79/21 @ 60 gpa (VIF) 95 96
PIC60 200 (VIF) 90 92
PIC60 200 fb metam (VIF) 103 103
Pic60 300 (Std) 97 97
PIC60 300 fb metam (Std) 98 99
P value = .001 P value = .001
Yield from Drip Applied Paladin and Pic Treatments in Salinas-September 2011
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Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of DMDS+chloropicrin and chloropicrin+1,3-D formulations and application rates for strawberry yield and weed control under virtually impermeable films (VIF) and totally impermeable film (TIF).
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Drip research area each bed is 100 feet long, each
treatment 4 beds
Shank research area
each treatment is 3 passes, each pass 11 ft wide and 280 ft long
Salina’s Research Site
Sand 67%, silt 19.25%, clay13.75%, organic matter 1.2%. pH 7.12, average soil temperature 65F.
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Materials and Methods
Shank treatments were applied on October 15, 2011.
Drip treatments were applied on November 1, 2011.
Fumigants were applied under standard tarp (Std), TIF, or VIF.
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Shank-applied Treatments
Treatment lbs/acre
Pic + TIF 300
Pic-Clor 60 + TIF 300
Pic-Clor 60 +Standard Film 300
Pic-Clor 80 + TIF 300
Pic-Clor 80 +Standard Film 300
Paladin 70:30 280,345,350
Paladin 65:35 260,383
Paladin 79:21 378,500
Paladin 60:40 450
Paladin50:50 400
MeBr (57:43) +Standard Film 350
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Broadcast shank application
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Drip-applied Treatments Pic-Clor 60 EC TIF 200
Pic-Clor 60 EC STD 300
Pic-Clor 80 EC TIF 200
Pic-Clor 80 EC STD 300
Pic-Clor 60 EC TIF 350
Pic-Clor 60 EC VIF 350
Pic EC TIF 250
Pic EC VIF 250
Paladin 70/30 EC VIF 400
Paladin 70/30 EC VIF 450
Paladin 70/30 EC VIF 500
Paladin 65/35 EC VIF 400
Paladin 65/35 EC VIF 450
Paladin 79/21 EC VIF 478
Paladin 65/35 EC TIF 300
Paladin 65/35 EC TIF 400
Paladin 60/40 EC TIF 300
Paladin 60/40 EC TIF 400
Paladin 50/50 EC TIF 300
Paladin 79/21 EC TIF 383
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Methods
Drip fumigation was done with two drip tapes per bed
Beds were tarped with VIF and TIF
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Methods
Strawberry plants (Albion variety) were transplanted four weeks after the applications. November 26, 2011.
Weed evaluations were made prior to weeding activity throughout the growing season.
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Methods
Fruit harvested weekly and graded as marketable and nonmarketable yield.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dia
me
ter
(in
ch
es)
Early Season Plant Diameter under TIF, March 2012
No significant difference due to treatment or plastic were found in plant diameter
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Yield from Pic-Clor 60 and Pic-Clor 80 Broadcast shank injection, Salinas, CA 2012
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Untreated MeBr (57:43)+Standard
Film
Pic + TIF300lbs
Pic-Clor 60 +TIF 300lbs
Pic-Clor 60+StandardFilm 300lbs
Pic-Clor 80 +TIF 300lbs
Pic-Clor 80+StandardFilm 300lbs
To
tal
Yie
ld (
g/p
lan
t)
P=.02
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Yields from Paladin broadcast shank injection in Salinas, CA 2012
200
400
600
800
1000
To
tal
Yie
ld (
g/p
lan
t)
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Total Yields from Paladin Drip Application in Salinas, CA 2012
Treatment Plastic
Yield (g/plant) Treatment Plastic
Yield (g/plant)
Control TIF 846 Control VIF 840
Pic EC 250 lbs TIF 1007 Pic EC 250 lbs VIF 965
Pic-Clor 60 EC 350 lbs TIF 985 Pic-Clor 60 EC 350 lbs VIF 1018
Pic-Clor 60 EC 200 lbs TIF 855 Pic-Clor 60 EC 300 lbs std 918
Pic-Clor 80 EC 200 lbs TIF 934 Pic-Clor 80 EC 300 lbs std 952
Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs TIF 1075 Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs VIF 993
Paladin 79/21 EC 383 lbs TIF 967 Paladin 79/21 EC 478 lbs VIF 1019
Paladin 60/40 EC 400 lbs TIF 1036 Paladin 65/35 EC 450 lbs VIF 1018
Paladin 60/40 EC 300 TIF 998 Paladin 70/30 EC 500 lbs VIF 989
Paladin 50/50 EC 300 lbs TIF 975 Paladin 70/30 EC 450 lbs VIF 1017
Paladin 65/35 EC 300 lbs TIF 952 Paladin 70/30 EC 400 lbs VIF 994
P=.03, due to treatments
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Selected Weeds in Salinas
Annual bluegrass (Poa annua), Lambsquarter (Chenopodium album), Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp).
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Weed Density from Shank Application Treatments Salinas, CA 2012
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
(ct/
acre
)/1
00
0
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Weed Density from Drip Application Treatments Salinas, CA 2012
Treatment Plastic Total
Weed/Acre (1000)
Tratment Plastic Total
Weed/Acre (1000)
Untreated TIF 39.5 Untreated VIF 50.3
Pic-Clor 60 EC 200 lbs TIF 9.6 Pic-Clor 60 EC 300 lbs Std 24.4
Pic-Clor 80 EC 200 lbs TIF 7.5 Pic-Clor 80 EC 300 lbs Std 18.8
Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs TIF 16.6 Paladin 65/35 EC 400 lbs VIF 11.8
Paladin 79/21 EC 383 lbs TIF 12.6 Paladin 79/21 EC 478 lbs VIF 15.1
Paladin 60/40 EC 400 lbs TIF 8.0 Paladin 65/35 EC 450 lbs VIF 16.6
Paladin 60/40 EC 300 TIF 13.6 Paladin 70/30 EC 500 lbs VIF 18.6
Paladin 65/35 EC 300 lbs TIF 14.8 Paladin 70/30 EC 450 lbs VIF 26.6
Paladin 50/50 EC 300 lbs TIF 15.8 Paladin 70/30 EC 400 lbs VIF 26.6
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Summary
No phytotoxicity or plant mortality was observed in any of the treatments. Maximum yields were obtained with Paladin 50/50 @400 lbs/ac, Paladin 60/40 @450 lbs/ac, and Paladin 79/21 @500 lbs/ac.
Undergoing research on shank and drip applications.
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Thank you very much