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Paradigm/Perspective ILMU KOMUNIKASI
Rachmat K, Ph.D
Sumber kutipan: Buku Teknik Praktis Riset Komunikasi, cet 6, 2012
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Colours of book
The trees in the jungle
Papers
Ada Band
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PARADIGM/PERSPECTIVE
Group of theories, procedures, and assumptions that are the scientists are believe about how to see the world
Spesification of the type of actions which normally & make senses are conducted by people
View of point in seeing the truth (misalnya, “apa itu komunikasi?)
Source: Wimmer & Dominick (2000), Mulyana (2001)
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PENDEKATAN/PERSPEKTIF
P
E conceptual framework affect
R group of assumptions affect the actions
S group of values our perceptions in the situation
P group of ideas
E
K
T
I
F
Source: Rachmat K (2012), Mulyana (2001)
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TYPE OF PERSPECTIVES
• OBJECTIVE (POSITIVE/QUANTITATIVE
• SUBJECTIVE (INTERPRETIVE/QUALITATIVE)
- CONSTRUCTIVISM
- CRITICAL
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Positivistic/Objektive • Communication is a process of linear tranmission, causal,
source oriented, & mechanistic
• Is influenced by realism thinking (object is already there naturally/originally/ sdh ada apa adanya), rasionalism-deductive
• Is influenced by natural science method:
- a distance between scientist and observed object
- observer must be neutral, there is a “fakta netral”
- manipulating object through experiment in order to know the causality
- result of manipulation is knowledge about certain/absolute laws
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Characteristics of Positivistic
• Free of values (kesimpulan apa adanya)
• Fenomenalism (Explicit, gejala belaka, tdk mengenal the Hidden)
• Nominalism (truth is based on regulations/measurements/naming/atribution (theory), not the reality itself.
• Reduksionism (reducing the reality to become the perceivable facts)
• Naturalism & mechanism
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Interpretif/Subjektif
• Comm is a process of interactions & transactional and sirkuler
• Comm is viewed as an effort to search an understanding about how and why comm works.
• Comm is viewed as a process to create world of meaning through interactions and how we behave toward the world that we create.
• Human has apriory knowledge that is independent from outside world (Immanuel Kant)
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ASPECT OF ONTOLOGY
OBJEKTIF
- there is a reality “real”,
universal, although it may
be probabilistic
- Out there
- there is a particular
standart of measurement,
is generalized, free of
context & time
SUBJEKTIF
- Reality is social
construction
- reality is variously
undertood
- the truth is relative
- is affected by
experiences, contexts &
time
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ASPECT EPITEMOLOGY
OBJEKTIF
- the researcher must
make a distance with
the observed object
- No subjective value
jaudgment/personal
bias
SUBJEKTIF
- result of interaction
between researcher &
observed object -
Researcher &
observed object =
unseparatable unity of
reality
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ASPECTS AXIOLOGY
OBJECTIVE
- values, ethics, & moral
choices must be at the
outside of process of
research
- the role of researcher is a
disinterested scientist
- the goals: exsplanations,
predictions, & control
toward social realities
SUBJECTIVE
- Values, ethics & moral
choices = unseparatable
- the role of researcher:
passionate participant
- the goal: reconstruction
of social reality in
dialectic manner between
the researcher and
observed social actors
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Pendekatan Metodologi Metode Riset Jenis/Tipe Objektif Kuantitatif Survei, Analisis isi, Deskriptif, Eksperimen, sensus eksplanatif,evalt Konstruktivis Kualitatif Observasi, wawancara Deskriptif, eks mendalam, FGD, studi ploratif kasus, ECA Kritis Kualitatif Semiotik, Framing Deskriptif Analisis wacana
Source: Rachmat K (2010)
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Asumsi Pertanyaan Kuantitatif Kualitatif
Ontologi Sifat realitas Objektif, tunggal, terpisah
dari penelitinya
Subjektif, banyak,
seperti yg dipahami
setiap orang,
dinamis, produk
konstruksi
Epistemologi Hubungan
peneliti &
realitas
Jauh, terpisah, alat ukur hrs
dijaga keobjektifannya
Dekat,intensif-
partisipasi, berada
dlm referensi
peneliti
Aksiologi Peran nilai Bebas nilai & tidak bias Sarat nilai & bias
Retorika Bahasa Formal, berdasarkan pada
seperangkat definisi
Informal, personal,
Metodologi Proses Rasional, deduktif,
menggeneralisasi, desain
statis, bebas konteks, menguji
teori atau hipotesis
Empiris-rasional, tdk
berstruktur,induktif,
kontekstual, teori
unt menciptakan
pemahaman/teori
baru
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TERIMA KASIH
Rachmat K, Ph.D
HAPPY STUDYING