Period 41800 - 1848
Administrations of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, JQ Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison
Industrial/Market Revolution
19th Century Reform Movements
PERIOD 4: 1800–1848
The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.
Key Concept 4.1:
The United States developed the world’s first modern mass democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its institutions to match them.
I. The nation’s transformation to a more participatory democracy was accompanied by continued debates over federal power,
• the relationship between the federal government and he states,
• the authority of different branches of the federal government,
• and the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens.
A. As various constituencies and interest groups coalesced and defined their agendas, various political parties, most significantly the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans in the 1790s and the Democrats and Whigs in the 1830s, were created or transformed to reflect and/or promote those agendas.
Example: Jefferson’s principles
Jefferson’s Administration
Jefferson’s beliefs:• Limited government• Democracy• Individual freedom• Separation of church and state• States’ rights• Widespread suffrage
*Jefferson thought that the common man, the farmer, was the backbone of the country. However, he did not trust these commoners to run the government.
Jefferson’s Administration
Goals:• Cut taxes• Reduce the military• Reduce government bureaucracy• Reduce the power of the Federalist
judges• Destroy the Bank of the USA
*Succeeded in everything but the bank, which expired in 1811
B. Supreme Court decisions sought to assert federal power over state laws and the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution.
Examples: Federal / State Authority?Alien & Sedition Acts Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions_____________________________________Branch of Government / Primacy of Judiciary?Midnight JudgesMarbury v. Madison
Midnight Judges
Jefferson mistrusted the judiciary due to their support of the Alien & Sedition Acts
Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court and created circuit and district courts
John Adams, during his ‘lame duck’ period, appointed 16 new federal judges
Jefferson refused to allow his Secretary of State (Madison) to deliver the commissions
Midnight Judges
William Marbury sued James Madison to demand that his commission was delivered
Chief Justice John Marshall, a federalist, determined that he could not force the executive branch to comply with the Judiciary Act of 1789 because that law was unconstitutional
Judicial Review
Established the precedent of Judicial Review
The Supreme Court could determine if federal or state laws were unconstitutional
Jefferson Administration
Jefferson continued to have conflict with the courts
He began a campaign to have Supreme Court justices impeached
He successfully had John Pickering removed but failed to remove Samuel Chase
He had Burr arrested for treason but he was found not guilty, further antagonizing Jefferson
Louisiana Purchase
Land Grant Act of 1800 made it easier to buy land in the west
Farmers used the Mississippi River to transport goods
French controlled New Orleans and charged huge fees for passage on the river
Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to buy New Orleans for $10 million
Louisiana Purchase
France and Napoleon controlled not only New Orleans, but the large area known as Louisiana • Not the current state of Louisiana
Napoleon offered to sell Louisiana to the USA for $15 million
Jefferson and Congress approved the deal, in spite of Jefferson’s strict constructionist view of the Constitution
Louisiana Purchase
Effects:• Added
800,000 square miles to the USA
• Doubled the land area of the USA
• Increased the national debt
Jefferson easily won a second term Aaron Burr decided not to run in
1804; he instead decided to run for governor of New York
Burr also joined the Federalist Party
Alexander Hamilton opposed his campaign in New York, as he had opposed his bid for president in 1800
Election of 1804
Hamilton / Burr Duel
Burr accused Hamilton of maligning him and challenged Hamilton to a duel
Hamilton accepted, although he opposed duels on principle
July 11, 1804 – Weehawken, New Jersey Hamilton intended to fire into the air Burr later claimed that he also tried to
miss but hit Hamilton in the chest in error
The Vice President of the USA shot and killed the former Secretary of the Treasury of the USA!
Barbary Pirates
Barbary Pirates - Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli (currently Tunisia and Libya)
Attacked ships in the Mediterranean unless their country paid tribute to the leaders
Between 1785 and 1801 the USA paid about $1,000,000 in tribute and ransom
In 1801 Jefferson authorized war with them and they were defeated
Foreign Affairs
France and Great Britain resumed war with each other
Both sides, but particularly the British, were again seizing cargo and impressing sailors
Repeated demands to honor our neutrality were ignored
In 1807, the British Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake,
causing 21 casualties
This occurred in Chesapeake Bay, near Cape Henry, VA
(Key Concept 4.1, I)
C. With the acceleration of a national and international market economy,
Americans debated the scope of government’s role in the economy,
while diverging economic systems meant that regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns
*Sectionalism continued, the south wanted lower taxes and less government, north wanted protectionism and west wanted internal improvements
Embargo Act of 1807
Prevented American ships from leaving port
Resulted in huge trade losses for Americans, particularly in the North
* A compromise bill, the Non-Intercourse Act was passed at the end of Jefferson’s term
Non-Intercourse Act1809
Allowed to resume trade with any country except England & France
Little good for NE merchants – majority of trade was with those countries and it wouldn’t stop impressment and/or confiscation
*Madison replaced this with Macon’s Bill # 2 in 1810
Jefferson Administration
Jefferson left office exceedingly unpopular with the American people
However, they still elected his Secretary of State, James Madison, as the next president
Jefferson would live until July 4, 1826 Until his death, he had many
accomplishments in architecture, horticulture and astronomy. He also expressed his opinion on slavery and other issues
Jefferson & Adams adversaries in politics but personal friends
Both dies July 4, 1826 within hours of each other!
Native American Resistance
After the American Revolution, British troops remained in the Old Northwest
They continued to aid the Native Americans in fighting the Americans
British and Native Americans won some major battles but did not have a major impact on American settlement
Native American Resistance
In 1794, Mad Anthony Wayne led the Americans in defeating the Miami, Delaware, Shawnee and others at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Treaty of Greenville (1795) gave Americans full control to the Mississippi River
By 1800, most Native Americans on the East Coast and Old Northwest were defeated or weakening
Native Americans had 4 options:
1. Accept white culture – Little Turtle in Indiana and the Cherokee in the Southeast
2. Blend Indian and white cultures – Handsome Lake and other Seneca Indians lived in New York on reservations but maintained many traditional ways
Native American Responses
3. Keep Indian Traditions – Tenskwatawa “The Prophet” lived on the Wabash River in Indiana. He and his followers rejected all White culture and were determined to defend their Indian heritage
4. Take military action – led by Tecumseh and later joined by his brother, The prophet.
Native American Responses
a. Refused to agree to the Treaty of Fort Wayne, which gave away most of Southern Indiana (1809)
b. Governor William Henry Harrison led troops to attack the resistance (1811)
c. Battle of Tippecanoe was the result. Two hour battle with no real winner. However, Tecumseh lost the confidence of his people and Harrison would later become president
Resistance:Tecumseh & The Prophet
Native American unrest was a major cause of the War of 1812
Tecumseh continued to resist and aided the British in the war
He was killed in October, 1813 in the Battle of the Thames, in Ontario Canada
Native American Resistance
Macon’s Bills
# 1 – restored trade with British & French #2 – stipulated that if either side respected
our neutrality, we would stop trade with the other
Napoleon agreed to uphold our neutrality; we stopped trading with the British
France then resumed confiscating our ships
War of 1812
Causes of the War of 1812:• Impressment• Trade • Indian trouble• Land (Canada & Florida)• Pride
War of 1812
Resistance to the War:• Economics• Reform in Great Britain
• Impressment outlawed by Parliament before USA declared war but they did not get word of it until after
• Napoleon • Realism!
War of 1812
War:• 1812-1814 stalemate• Americans attempted an invasion of
Canada but failed• British and Indians lost many key
battles, including the Battle of the Thames in Ontario
• Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians and gained their territory by treaty – Alabama & Georgia
War of 1812
1814:Great Britain ended war with France and concentrated on the Americans.
3-prong attack plan. • 1st force followed Borgoyne’s route into New
York, where they were defeated. • 2nd force struck Washington DC successfully
but couldn’t overcome Baltimore. They retreated to the sea.
• 3rd force gathered in the West Indies and struck New Orleans in 1815.
War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent was signed Dec. 24, 1814
News did not reach America until after the Battle of New Orleans and the Hartford Convention
Key Concept 4.3, II
B. Federal government attempts to assert authority over the states brought resistance from state governments in the North and the South at different times
Required term: Hartford Convention
War of 1812Hartford Convention
Delegates from NE States met to discuss ways of ending the war and/or changing the US Constitution.
It was perceived as a movement to secede and they were accused of treason.
The point was moot anyway because word soon reached them that the treaty had been signed three weeks earlier.
It effectively ended all support for the Federalist Party.
Battle of New OrleansJan. 8, 1815
Between Dec. 13th and Jan. 8th - series of skirmishes between British & Americans
Andrew Jackson led army of Tennessee Militia, African Americans, Creoles, and Pirates!
Jean Lafitte – pirate and sharpshooter that knew the swamp well
War of 1812
Results:• British soldiers left the Ohio Valley• Trade resumed between the 2
countries• NE had built up their own industry
during the time they couldn’t trade, making them more independent
Note: Changes in England put an end to impressment anyway
War of 1812
Results:• Destroyed the Federalist party because
of the Hartford Convention• Weakened Indian resistance on
‘frontier’• Made Andrew Jackson and William H.
Harrison war heroes• Restored Pride• Star Spangled Banner• Uncle Sam• Old Ironsides
Era of Good Feeling
To date, only time USA had a 1 party system
Democratic-Republican (Split into 2 parties in 1824) Nation was developing a
composite culture, while maintaining sectional differences
Post-War
Created the 2nd Bank of the USA in 1816• First Bank of the USA dissolved in 1811; realized
during the war that a national bank would have been useful
Monroe easily won the election in 1816 Period of rapid growth after the war turned to
a severe recession in 1819 Banks called in loans overseas and in USA. People extended too far on credit went
bankrupt
Key Concepts 4.1 (I)
B. Supreme Court decisions sought to assert federal power over state laws and the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution.
Required term: McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland
In 1818 Maryland imposed a tax on all non-state chartered banks
Blatantly aimed at the national chartered bank
McCulloch refused to pay the tax 1819 ruling –
• States cannot tax a federal agency• Legal challenge to legitimacy of the bank
lost – necessary & proper clause prevailed
Key Concepts 4.1, I
C. With the acceleration of a national and international market economy, Americans debated the scope of government’s role in the economy, while diverging economic systems meant that regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns
Examples
Embargo Act, N-I Act, Macon’s Bills hurt north more – caused resentments in New England
Tariff laws hurt south more 2nd Bank of the USA favored
merchants (north) West favored internal
improvements
Key Concept 4.1, I
D. Many white Americans in the South asserted their regional identity through pride in the institution of slavery, insisting that the federal government should defend that institution.
Key Concept 4.3
III. The American acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to a contest over the extension of slavery into the western territories as well as a series of attempts at national compromise
A. The 1820 Missouri Compromise created a truce over the issue of slavery that gradually broke down as confrontations over slavery became increasingly bitter.
B. As over-cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders relocated their agricultural enterprises to the new Southwest, increasing sectional tensions over the institution of slavery and sparking a broad-scale debate about how to set national goals, priorities, and strategies