CHAPTER 9
Part 1: A New Spirit: Expansion
THE ELECTION OF 1816 James Monroe was elected president,
Democrat-Republican Federalists finished as a political party Presidents Washington, Jefferson,
Madison, and Monroe were all from Virginia; they became known as the Virginia Dynasty
THE NEW NATION LOOKS WESTWARD Great population growth happened as
well as gaining new lands Indiana was admitted as a state in 1816 Mississippi became a state in 1817 Illinois in 1818 Alabama in 1819 United States now has 22 states
WESTERNERS WERE DIFFERENT In the west there was a huge difference
in people In the west people were equal, they
helped and protected each other It was difficult, lonely, dangerous, and
required a lot of work to live in the west This spirit that spawned from the west
became known as “nationalism” Henry Clay brought it to congress
FRONTIER STATES HAD PROBLEMS Four big problems in the west:
1. Needed roads for transportation2. Land prices needed to be inexpensive and
regulated by government3. People needed loans from banks4. Markets for farm goods needed protection
from the government
CHAPTER 9
Part 2: The South
FARMING IN THE SOUTH Southern conditions were great for
farming with long growing seasons, abundant rainfall, and broad, fertile lowlands
Grew lots of cash crops such as: cotton, rice, sugar, tobacco, indigo, and hemp
The south had to buy most of their manufactured goods from Europe, and with tariffs added to these good it made for high prices
KING COTTON IN THE SOUTH Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in
1793 The gin separated the cotton from the
seeds Before the gin cotton was not very
profitable, it took lots of slave labor to separate
After the gin it became very profitable and cotton became know as either “King Cotton” or “White Gold”
Cotton was the king of the south and lots of slaves were needed to work it
NORTHERN STATES DEVELOP INDUSTRY
Industry has always been large in the northern states
They wanted the government to keep European good out of the U.S. to help industry grow
View points were being heard from three separate regions:Southern statesWestern frontierNorthern New England States
CHAPTER 9
Part 3: Monroe’s Leadership
MONROE’S CABINET Due to the growing
sectionalism amongst the states Monroe chose his cabinet very carefully:Secretary of State: John Quincy
Adams of MassachusettsSecretary of War: John C.
Calhoun of South CarolinaSecretary of the Treasury: William
Crawford of Georgia He chose his cabinet to
represent all sections of the country to make all happy
THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS Two terms of Monroe were called “the
era of good feelings” Monroe was elected to a second term
with all the electoral votes except 1 One vote was given to the other
candidate just to keep George Washington as the only president ever elected unanimously
SPANISH FLORIDA Trouble along the Georgia-Florida line Complaints of Indian attacks from
Florida Indians taking slaves Spanish encouraging slaves to escape to
Florida
MONROE TAKES ACTION John C. Calhoun put Andrew Jackson in
charge of settling the matter Jackson put together an force Led the attack into Florida and captured
the Spanish stronghold of Pensacola, Florida
Spanish were upset by this action Adams-Onis Treaty came out of this
Spain gave all of Florida to the U.S. for $5 million
CHAPTER 9
Part 4: Slavery
SLAVERY BECOMES AN ISSUE
By 1819 western settlers had added 4 states:1. Indiana2. Mississippi3. Illinois4. Alabama
Next Missouri asked to be added as the 12th slave state due to its slave count
There were 11 slave states and 11 free states, power in the senate was balanced between the North and South until Missouri wanted to join
This created problems with the North and debate was heated
THE DEBATE CONTINUES Missouri would be the first slave state
west of the Mississippi River North afraid that slavery would spread
through the whole Louisiana region South afraid that if it was admitted as a
free state then it would destroy the slavery system currently used
Debate became very heated, because which every side Missouri joined would determine who had power in the government
MAINE SEEKS STATEHOOD Debate continued for several months Maine asked to join as a state during
this time; a free state This could solve the problems Henry Clay, who became known as “The
Great Compromiser” came up with a plan to satisfy both sides
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE Statehood for Missouri and Maine
combined Missouri would be allowed as a slave
state Maine would join as a free state This would provide 12 free states and 12
slave states Also no slavery would be allowed north
of the 36° 30’ of the Louisiana Territory; except Missouri
This resolved this issue temporarily
CHAPTER 9
Part 5: Other Problems
EUROPEAN PROBLEMS European colonies
wanted to revolt against their mother countries and become free as America
American continent began to rebel against their governments
AMERICANS BECOME ALARMED Many of the European countries agreed
to send powerful armies and fleets to regain control of their colonies in North and South America
British didn’t take part in the agreement, because trade was very profitable for them and if they joined that would come to an end
THE BRITISH MAKE A PROPOSAL George Canning, British foreign
secretary, suggested England and American join together and form a warning to all European countries to stay out of Latin America
Most agreed, however the president was talked out of it and into creating our own warning called the “Monroe Doctrine”
THE MONROE DOCTRINE Announced his doctrine during annual
message to congress It stated that any European country that
tried to extend its influence in the western hemisphere would be taken as a threat to the safety of the U.S.
British not happy about the Americans doing this on their own
Europe didn’t take seriously, however didn’t act until years later
CHAPTER 9
Part 6: Election Time
THE ELECTION OF 1824 Due to the sectionalism occurring in the
America at this time; the West, North, and South all wanted different leadership of the country
This created 5 candidates that would run for presidency in this election
Virginia Dynasty was about to end as well as the Southern Influence
THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES
Nominations:New England – John Quincy Adams
(Massachusetts)Henry ClaySouth had two candidates – William Crawford
(Georgia) - John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)
However, Calhoun decided to withdraw from the running and support the very popular Andrew Jackson
DO YOU RECOGNIZE THIS MAN?
This man is on a well known American item, what is it? It is used frequently in many places you may go.He of course was one of our presidents and a
very famous general.
MAJORITY AND PLURALITY We need to understand these two terms to
understand the election results Majority is when somebody gets over 50% of the
votes in an election Plurality is when somebody gets the most votes
however it is not more than 50% Of the 261 electoral votes:
Jackson = 99 Adams = 84 Crawford = 40 Clay = 37
Jackson had plurality however not majority Due to this the House of Representatives would
vote on the top three candidates and choose the winner
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MUST DECIDE
Henry Clay was eliminated because he had the least votes
Because Crawford only had 40 votes he was also not a popular candidate
Henry Clay didn’t want Jackson to be president so he worked hard to persuade others that he should not be president
It worked, John Q. Adams was chosen as president
Jackson was angry and felt that Adams and Clay worked against him; he vowed to win the next election