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Part IV Cellular Communication
• Cellular signal transduction
• The cell cycle and programmed cell death
• Germ cells and fertilization
• Cell interactions in development
• Cancer
• Infection and immunity
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Cellular SignalingCellular Signal Transduction
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Gap junction
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There are 3 classes of cell surface receptor
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
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cGMP
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Enzyme-Linked Receptor• Second major type of cell-surface receptor• Promote growth, proliferation, differentiation, and
survival of animal cells• Growth factors and hormones are signaling
proteins• Slow response: leading to changes in gene
expression • Rapid response: effects on the cytoskeleton
(shape, and movement)• Disorders give rise to cancer• Usually has only one trans-membrane protein
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Six classes of enzyme-linked receptors
1. Receptor tyrosine kinases
2. Tyrosine-kinase-associated receptors
3. Receptorlike tyrosine phosphatase
4. Receptor serine/threonine kinases
5. Receptor guanylyl cyclases
6. Histidine-kinase-associated receptors
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
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The Cell Cycle and Programmed Cell Death
• Cells are generated from cells, over three billion years ago• Cell needs to duplicate DNA and organelles and macromolecules
(in most cell) before division = growth• Several millions cells are produced every second in our body in
order to survive• If cell division is stopped (by X-ray) we will die within a few
days• Eukaryotes have evolved a complex cell-cycle control system that
control main events of the cell cycle, eg. DNA replication, segregation of chromosome, fidelity, and allow response to various signals from outside and inside cells.
• If the system is malfunction, excessive cell division can lead to cancer
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Events seen under a microscope
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Initiation of DNA replication
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DNA replication check point
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Unattached Chromosomes Block Sister-Chromatid Separation: The Spindle-Attachment Checkpoint
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Controlled proteolysis by Ubiquitination (or ubiquitylation)
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Ubiquitin
74 amino acid
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Proteasome
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APOPTOSIS
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Apoptosis
• Shrinking of cell volume and nucleus• Loss of adhesion to neighboring cells• Formation of blebs at the cell surface• Fragmentation of chromatin• Rapid engulfment by phagocytosis
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Apoptosis Is Mediated by an Intracellular Proteolytic Cascade
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Extracellular control• Organ and body size are therefore determined by three fundamental processes:
– cell growth, – cell division– cell death. Each is independently regulated—both by intracellular programs and by extracellular signal
molecules that control these programs. • The extracellular signal molecules that regulate cell size and cell number are
– soluble secreted proteins– proteins bound to the surface of cells– components of the extracellular matrix.
• The factors that promote organ or organism growth can be operationally divided into three major classes:
– Mitogens, which stimulate cell division, primarily by relieving intracellular negative controls that otherwise block progress through the cell cycle.
– Growth factors, which stimulate cell growth (an increase in cell mass) by promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules and by inhibiting their degradation.
– Survival factors, which promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis.
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anchorage dependence of cell division
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