![Page 1: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service Providers for Accurate Low-cost Mobile localization
SSupport upport VVector ector RRegression for egression for Location Estimation Using Location Estimation Using
GSM Propagation DataGSM Propagation Data
Dr. Chun-hung LiDepartment of Computer Science
Hong Kong Baptist UniversityJune, 2003
![Page 2: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
Contents
• Introduction • Related Works• SVR via Missing Value Insensitive Kernel• Simulation & Field Test• Q & A
![Page 3: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
Introduction
• Task • To estimate the location of a mobile device using the information based on the GSM Networks
• Approach -- Network-based Solutions• Provide the location service using the network information without modifying the mobile phone
• Baseline Accuracy• Federal Communications Commission rule - 100m (67% of the time)
![Page 4: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
Introduction – GSM Network Information
• Returned from the mobile phone side 1. Serving Cell ID2. BSIC3. BCCH No4. Received signal strength (dBm)
• Other Station Information• Station Position (x & y) • Height• Bearing• Cell Type• Antenna Type• Station Power strength (dBm)• ……
1
3 2 4
![Page 5: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
Related Works - Network-based solution
•Precise time and direction based methods - TOA: Time of Arrival- AOA: Angle of Arrival- TDOA: Time-Difference of Arrival- Require Synchronization Clock or Smart Antennas
•Signal Strength Attenuation Modeling Approach
- Mapping signal strength into distance-- e.g. Free Space Model, HATA model, …
- Recover coordinate from distance-- Cell-ID, Weighted CG-- Tri-lateration
![Page 6: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
Related Works – Weighted CG & Cell-ID
• Based on Free Space Model– The distance and the received signal strength is an inversely
proportional function– Or Approximation:
• Weighted Central of Gravity (CG)– Smaller Distances -> nearer to stations
– If N is 1, obtain the Cell-ID Method
lg [ ]d s dBm
N
i i
i
N
i iN
i i
i
N
i i
s
xs
d
xd
x
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 where N is the number of neighboring base stations, Δs is the signal strength falloff in dBm
![Page 7: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Related Works – Circular Trilateration
Transmitter
Estimated mobile location
r1
r2r3
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
![Page 8: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Related Works – Machine Learning Approach
•More robust calibration of Propagation Models• Statistical Modeling Approach
•Directly map signal strength to location output• Wireless LAN Positioning via
• Neural Network, • Support Vector Classification/Regression
• Fingerprinting Method
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
![Page 9: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why using Machine Learning Approaches
• Hard to Obtain a Parametric Model • Terrain Factors, multi-path, occlusion, …• Noise Measurement, Weather Condition, …
• Comparably Easy to get a lot of data• Fit a nonparametric model to the data• No need for domain experts/domain models• Changes in models/parameters can be re-learned
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
![Page 10: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Adopting a mapping to transform all signal strength readings at a location into a series of descriptors:
•E.g.
•Linearly regress the series of descriptors into the position output
Introduction to Support Vector Regression
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1( , ,..., ) ( , , , ln ,..., ln ) (N Ns s s s s s s s s
From N Stations A usually long vector, possibly
s= s)
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1
( , , , ln ,..., ln )
( , , , ln ,..., ln )
T
N x x
T
N y y
x s s s s s s w b
y s s s s s s w b
W is of the same length as the long descriptor vector
![Page 11: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• w by solution is the linear combination of a set of descriptor vectors from l training data
•E.g.
• Location output (x or y) :
• The key is to seek a Kernel function
Introduction to Support Vector Regression – Cont.
1
[ ( ) ( ) ]l
T
i xi
x b
(i)r s
1
)l
ii
w
(i)(r
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
( , ( ) ( )Tk r s)= r s
Where r(i) denotes the i-th signal vector used for training
![Page 12: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• e.g. RBF Kernel:
•S is a severely sparse vector• Only 3~9 signals are retrievable• e.g. two sample signal reading Vectors:
•Impute empty cells by values: •Too many! & What’s the physical meaning?
Incompetent Conventional Kernels
2 22 2( ,k e e
2 T||(r s)|| (r s)(r s)
r s)=
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
Station 5 12 17 18 19 24
r -71 -60 N -76 -65 -74
s -57 -74 -70 N -72 N
![Page 13: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Sum of Exponential Kernel (SoE)
•Where
• It is a valid kernel by proof• Recently proved to be a variant of the 1st-order RBF-ANOVA Kernel
A New Missing Value Insensitive Kernel
22( , ( ) ( )k e
2
q q||(r s )||N
q qq=1
r s)= r s
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
0,
1,( ) { q if s is empty
q otherwises
![Page 14: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A Kernel Matrix Evaluated from SoE
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
![Page 15: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Experimental Results – Simulation Study
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
• Model adapted from [Roos 2001]•Adding Occlusion and Noise effects
• Experiment Settings •30 km2 Data Collection Region•640 Training Markers, 200 Testing Markers•64 Base Stations, 8 receivable
RoosRBF without any
missing value handling
SoE
Mean Error (m) 403 6704 355
![Page 16: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Data Collection
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
Experimental Results – Field Data Test
![Page 17: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Experimental Results – Field Data Test
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
•Experiment Settings
• A 350 x 550m data Collection Region• Total 15 Markers• 120 set of readings / marker• 50 Base Stations, 7~9 receivable
CG CT
mean Error(m)
85.29 95.18
![Page 18: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Experimental Results – Field Data Test
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
• Experiment Results
• For SVR Training:• 9 Markers for Training• Multiple sets of readings from each training marker
• For SVR Testing:1. Predict one location for a single set of readings2. Predict one location for multiple sets of readings
acquired at the same site and in a short interval
![Page 19: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1) 8 of 120 sets of training readings from each of the 9 of 15 markers2) 120 sets of testing readings from the remain 6 of 15 markers3) mean error = 47m
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
![Page 20: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1) predict 120 sets of readings in each testing marker to one location2) interval: 2 min3) mean error = 21m
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
![Page 21: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
or shown in following diagram:
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression
![Page 22: Part of the Joint Project by HKBU, HKIVE and Several Local Mobile Service](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062500/56815209550346895dc04c09/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Q & A
GSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector RegressionGSM Localization via Missing Value Insensitive Support Vector Regression