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Participatory Research
Aden Aw-Hassan
Aleppo,
April 28, 2005
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FPR is NOT an extension program and is NOT a community development program.
It is a research approach aimed at:Developing technologies and evaluating their performance
with substantial and active input from farmers.
Introduction
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Why FPR?• It is expected to increase research impact by:
– Improving relevance of technology.– Reducing the research lag (development phase).– Reducing the adoption lag (early adoption).– Increasing adoption speed.
• It is expected to empower farmers through:– Giving them a say in research design & technology
development– Building their technical and problem solving capacities,– Increasing farmers knowledge
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Principles
• Can facilitate: – Group learning– Developing different circumstances– Spread of information
1. Working with a group of farmers:
Farmers Interest Group
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2. Farmer Selection
• Farmers with similar interest on a specific technology (olive production with water harvesting, improving soil fertility, irrigation management, improved forage production).
• Farmers hosting experiments.
• Farmers joining the group evaluation.
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3. Farmers agreement with process
• The whole plan developed and agreed with farmers at the beginning of the season
• Clarify the process for the farmers from the beginning and get their input
• What is convenient for researchers may not be so for farmers, make sure that arrangements are mutually accommodating
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4. Participatory Research Process
• Timing of participation– Planning– Evaluation and observations:
• stage 1
• stage 2
• stage 3
• stage 4
– Overall assessment of the results
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• Data Collection– How farmers will record their
evaluation/observations:• Individually by host farmers recording sheets.
• Individually by group of other farmers.
• Through facilitated group discussion.
–Methods of data recording:
•Evaluation criteria (Farmers’ criteria, Researchers’ criteria)
•Evaluation sheets (individually)
•Participatory tools (scoring, ranking, using charts, etc.)
-How do farmers monitor the improvement in their capacities and skills
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Farmers filling varietal evaluation sheets
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5. Final assessment
• Discuss how the evaluation should be modified.
• Discuss if they suggest any changes.
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Different FPR tools?
• RRA and PRA
• Participatory poverty assessment and Wealth ranking
• Community Resource mapping
• Gender and activity analysis
• Participator technology evaluation (PTE)
• Farmer interest groups
• Participatory land degradation assessment
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RRA and PRA• Diagnose the problem• Identify potential solutions• Determine the types of users who are most
affected and could benefit the most• Determine potential farmers participation in
experimentation
• Tools: – Facilitated focus group discussions, use of cards,
unstructured individual interviews, use of drawings or community mapping, historical trend analysis,
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Participatory poverty assessment/wealth ranking
•Develop farmers own criteria on poverty and well-being indicators
•Solicit farmers assessment of relative poverty levels of different households and determining factors
•Identify farmers priorities for improving their well-being
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Community resource mapping
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Farmer Interest Groups• Can facilitate:
– Group learning through farmer-to-farmer exchange
– Developing different circumstances (based on different farmers strategies and experiences)
– Speedy diffusion of information(extension element)
• Needs:- good facilitation- clear learning program
• Its drawback is the cost
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Farmer Field Schools
• Mainly building farmers knowledge of a problem so they can change their practices
• Strengthening of farmer research and decision-making capacity
• Mostly developed and used in the IPM programs• This is now expanding to Integrated Crop
Management and marketing areas (for example organic production)
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Farmer Research Committees (CIALS)
• Build and support local communities to:– develop their own research capacity – Demand more effective R&D services
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Participatory Technology Evaluation (PTE)?
• Farmers are involved in specific events for technology assessment (mid-season, at harvest, etc)
• Specific tools are used for soliciting farmers assessment of the technology – Facilitated Group discussions using cards, charts, voting,
etc
– Scoring forms (farmers score technologies based on agreed criteria including farmers)
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Participatory land degradation assessment
Participatory land degradation assessment
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Why participatory research?
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Passive
Collaborative
Collegial
Gradient of participation
Degree of participation in decision-making
Researcher-led
Farmer led
Low High
Research type
Extractive
Empowered
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Water and soil management
Seeds of new varieties MFA
Degree of particip ation
High
High
Intensity of knowledge required
Maintaining crop varieties of different qualities
Seeds of new varieties LFA
Low
Prioritizing livelihoods options
Development of marketing network
Collective action on CR management
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Research lag and adoption lag
Tec
hn
olog
y ad
opti
on
Years
Conventional research
FPR
7
11
Impact of participatory research
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Cross
Initial increase
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Breeder initial trial
Breeder preliminary trial
Breeder advanced trial
On-farm trial/year1
On-farm trial/year 2
On-farm trial/year 3
Y9
Y10
Farmer initial trials
Farmer advanced trials
Farmer elite trials
3-4 year reduction in research lag
Large scale trials/year1
Large scale trials/year2
Large scale trials/year1
Large scale trials/year1
CONVENTIONAL DECENTRALIZED PPB
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MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
3%Discount rate
23 yearsDuration of benefits
$141/MTPrice
50%Prob. of success
+10%Yield change
822 kg/haBase Yield
874,060 MTBase Production
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FARMER EVALUATION OF BENEFITS
1.28.3 SL/kgWillingness to pay for the new seed
0.36.7 SL/kgCurrent cost of local seed
1.62 yearsLength of “own” experimentation needed before replacing local
33.369%Expected % of total land planted for new variety
14.526%Expected yield advantage over local
St. Dev.Mean
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Total estimated discounted research induced-benefits to
Syrian agriculture
$54.6 mill.$42.7 mill.$21.9 mill.
Higher adoption ceiling
Shorter research lag
Conventional
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B a rle y B re e d in g B u d g e t, 2 0 0 2
P e r s o n e l
4 7 %
O ve r h e a d
3 0 %
o th e r c o u nt r ies 9 .1%
o ff -s ta t io n -S yr ia
2 .2 %
o n -s t a tion
1 1 .3 %
O p e r a tio n al
2 3 %
T o ta l b u d g e t : $ 1 .5 m il l io n
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What is required for successful FPR?
•Training of researchers
• Well defined approach with clear stages of planning, capacity building, experimentation, data collection, evaluation, feedback to users, and reflection.
•Genuine desire to incorporate farmers knowledge and realities into the research process
•Genuine desire to see the impact of research outputs on people’s livelihoods
•Commitment to continuous learning