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Passive House Strategies for
Hot and Humid Climates
Gulf Coast Green 2013
Hot and Humid Climates
© Passive House Institute US 2013 1
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Overview
1 Passive House Core Philosophy
2 Passive Building Metrics and Principles
3 Climate Specificity3 Climate Specificity
4 Enclosure Strategies
2© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Passive House Core Philosophy
Part One: Passive Building Principles
3© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Optimize Orientation
Super-insulate + Air Seal
Optimize Window Performance
Passive House Design Order of Operations
Optimize Window Performance
1st Utilize Passive Space Conditioning Strategies
2nd Utilize High Efficiency Active Strategies
Then…Zero Out with Onsite Renewables
4© Passive House Institute US 2013
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…then zero out the remaining energy with active PV
and generate plus energy for electric mobility…
Passive Buildings: Most affordable Way
to make Zero / Plus Energy Reality
(Image source: Terry Hill, Berlin Germany)
5© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Conventional Approach:
Sizing Mechanical Systems
(over)size the system to the shell
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Conventional Approach:
Passive House Approach:
Sizing Mechanical Systems
Size the Shell to the Heating System
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Passive Building Metrics and
Principles
Part One: Passive Building Principles
8© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Global CO2-Emissions 2006 per Country –
determining a Carbon Metric
Countries by carbon dioxide emissions in thousands of metric tones per annum,
via the burning of fossil fuels (blue the highest)
(Source: Wikimedia Commons 2006)
9© Passive House Institute US 2013
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1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
energy-efficiency
new
geo-/ozean. power
solar
windpower
waterpower
new biomass
trad. Biomass
Worldwide Energy Resources and Consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090
trad. Biomass
nuclear
gas
oil
coal
Reference: Shell-Study (till 2005), Scenario with high efficiency and regenerative usage of energy
10© Passive House Institute US 2013
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K
Standards & Rating Comparison
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One Certification – Three Labels
PHIUS+, Challenge Home, Energy Star V3
Mostly PrescriptiveMostly Performance
Step1: 15-30%Step 2: 40-60%Step 3: 70-85%100
±±±±0
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One Certification – Three Labels
PHIUS+, Challenge Home, Energy Star V3
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The 2030 Challenge Brought Forward by Architect Ed Mazria
Passive Buildings
14
Passive Buildings
© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Human Comfort Cold Winter
Interior
Feels chilly and drafty: uncomfortable!
Conventional Code
House – Typ. 2x4 wall
(actual R 10)Double glazed window – R 3
Factors affecting
Comfort:
• Air Temperature (dry
bulb º F)
• Relative Humidity (%)
•Air Velocity (ft/min)
Outside
Temperature 0º FGlass
Surface
51.2º F
Interior
Walls 68º F
Exterior
Walls 62.9º F
•Air Velocity (ft/min)
• Radiant Conditions(MRT º F or radiation value
BTUh/ft²)
RH:
20-50%
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Human Comfort Cold Winter
Interior
Feels: comfortable!Temperate glass and wall surfaces and no drafts
PH Example
• R 60Envelope
PH Comfort criteria:
• (68 º F)Air Temp
Glass
Surface
62.4º F
Interior
Walls 68º F• R -9 Triple glazed
(Climate specific) Window
• 0º FOutside
Temp
Exterior
Walls 67.1º F
RH:40-50%
• (40-60 % for PH)
Relative Humidity
• (<19.7 ft/min)
Air Velocity
• Max Delta T <7.2 º F (4 ºC)
Radiant Condition
© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Human Comfort Hot Summer
Interior
Feels hot and humid: uncomfortable!
Conventional Code
House – Typ. 2x4 wall
(actual R 10)Double glazed window – R 3
Factors affecting
Comfort:
• Air Temperature (dry
bulb º F)
• Relative Humidity (%)
Outside Temperature
95 º FGlass
Surface
81.4º F
Interior
Walls 77 º F
Exterior Walls
78.3º F
•Air Velocity (ft/min)
• Radiant Conditions(MRT º F or radiation value
BTUh/ft²)
RH:
65-80%
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Human Comfort Hot Summer
Interior
Feels: comfortable!Temperate glass and wall surfaces and no drafts
PH Example
• R 30Envelope
PH Comfort criteria:
• (77 º F)Air Temp
Glass
Surface
79.7º F
Interior
Walls 77º F
Exterior
Walls 77.4º F
RH: 40-60%
• R -5 Triple glazed (Climate specific)
Window
• 95º FOutside
Temp
• (40-60 % for PH)
Relative Humidity
• (<19.7 ft/min)
Air Velocity
• Max Delta T <7.2 º F (4 º C)
Radiant Condition
© Passive House Institute US 2013
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PH “thermos bottle”
summer comfort with
RH, range without
active cooling:
Natural Ventilation and
Passive Cooling Strategies?
Fig. 4.186 Applicability of building cooling strategies. Alison Kwok, Walter Grondzik: The Green Studio
Handbook, 2e
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Adaptive Comfort
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• < 15 kWh/m²a (4.75 kBTU/ft2yr) Annual Heat
Demand
• < 10 W/m²or 0.93W/ft2 (3.17 BTU/hr.ft2 )
Peak Heat Load
• < 120 kWh/m²a (38 kBTU/ft2yr) Primary Energy
Demand
• ≤≤≤≤ 0.6 ACH50
Airtightness
Baseline Criteria - Heating
*Note: Window and Thermal
envelope criteria Listed are for a
cool moderate heating dominated
Climate. Recommendations for
these values may vary based on
climate
• ≥≥≥≥75% Recovery, ≥0.45 W/m³ (0.76 W/cfm)
Ventilation
• U ≤≤≤≤ 0.15 W/m2 K (R ≥≥≥≥ 38.5 hr. ft2°F/BTU,)
Thermal Envelope:
• Ψ ≤≤≤≤ 0.1 W/ mKThermal-bridge Free
• Uw-install ≤≤≤≤ 0.85 W/m2 KWindows installed:
• 50 – 55 %SHGC
≈10 W/m² or
1 W/ft²
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• < 15 kWh/m²a (4.75 kBTU/ft2yr )Annual Cooling
Demand
• < 10 W/m²or 0.93W/ft2 (3.17 BTU/hr.ft2 )
Peak Cooling
• < 120 kWh/m²a (38 kBTU/ft2yr) Primary Energy
Demand
• ≤≤≤≤ 0.6 ACH50
Airtightness
Baseline Criteria - Cooling
*Note: Criteria in blue are
based on a Central European
heating dominated climate.
Recommendations for these
values will vary In N America
cooling dominated climates!
• ≥≥≥≥XX% Recovery, ≥0.45 W/m³ (0.76 W/cfm)
Ventilation Cooling
• U ≤≤≤≤ 0.15 W/m2 K (R ≥≥≥≥ 38.5 hr. ft2°F/BTU)
Thermal Envelope:
• Ψ ≤≤≤≤ 0.1 W/ mKThermal-bridge Free
• Uw-install ≤≤≤≤ 0.85 W/m2 KWindows installed:
• 50 – 55 % (??)SHGC
≈10 W/m² or
1 W/ft²
22© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Five Main Passive Building Principles
+ Renewables= Zero/Plus Energy
Envelope Losses
+ Gains
HP Windows Losses
+ Gains
Balanced Ventilation +
Heat/Moisture Recovery
23
Airtightness
Losses + Gains
Hygrothermal
Performance
Passive Energy
Balancing as Basis for
Zero/Plus Energy
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Structural insulated panels
P1: Continuous Insulation
Insulated Concrete Forms
Masonry Structure w/FoamglassVarious Passive House applicable
Wall Type Sections24© Passive House Institute US 2013
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P1: Avoiding Thermal Bridging
25
Source: Building Science Corporation Newsletter #49: Aqua Tower and Infra Red by Fluke Corp
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P2+3: Continuous Air-Tight & Wind-Tight
Layer- The Red line Rule
Air-tight Layer: 0.6 ACH50!Factors affected by air
tightness:
• Moisture Performance
of wall
• Heat loss through
RED LINE RULE
• Draw continuous air
barrier
Wind tight Layer
• Heat loss through
leaks
• Comfort, no drafts!
barrier
• Identify each air
barrier component
• Identify connection
between them
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P4: High Performance Windows(P
HI
20
06
)
Definition of a thermal bridge:
A building element which has a
linear thermal transmittance of
greater than 0.006 BTU/(hr ft °°°°F)
27© Passive House Institute US 2013
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The highly efficient Window Profile – warm
climates, SHGC needs to be minimized!
Exterior surface
temperatures can
get to 160 F!
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Passive Solar Opportunities
and Challenges
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Venetian Blinds, trellises,
overhangs, balconies, decks,
trees etc.
Exterior Shading Devices
http://www.warema.com
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1. Ventilation
2. Dehumidification
3. Cooling
P5: Balanced Ventilation System
With Minimal Space Conditioning
3. Cooling
4. Heating
5. Domestic Hot
Water
31
Image source: www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/mvhr.php
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• A
Most Popular Ventilation Models
UltimateAir 200DX (ERV)Zehnder ComfoAir 350
(ERV/HRV)
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Night-time cooling
Passive Cooling(Image Source: passive-on.org)
PH Cooling-Passive Design Strategies
Ground cooling Source: Zehnder
Heat Recovery BypassGround Temperature @ 3-4m (10-13 ft) =
Annual Mean Air Temperature ±±±±2 ºC (4 ºF)
Radiative cooling
Evaporative cooling
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Heating, Cooling and Dehumidification
(Images:http://compressors.danfoss.com/)
Samsung Mini-Split Air-to-Air Heatpump 20 SEER, point source
Samsung EH slim ducted Mini-
Split, integrated in ventilation
ductwork
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Heating and DHW
(Image: www.enerworks.com)
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Climate Specificity
Part Two:
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Heating Degree DaysHeating Degree Days
Cooling Degree DaysCooling Degree Days
Winter Design TempratureWinter Design Temprature
Summer Design TemperatureSummer Design Temperature
Passive Building is Climate Dependent!!
Summer Design TemperatureSummer Design Temperature
HumidityHumidity
Solar RadiationSolar Radiation
Night Sky RadiationNight Sky Radiation
Ground TemperatureGround Temperature
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Latent vs Sensible Ventilation Load
Indexes
U.S. has more climate zones
than the
entire European Union!!
(Image Source: from ASHRAE Journal, November, 1997 pp 37 - 45)
Image Source: www.energycodes.gov
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Climate Specific Space Conditioning
Requirements
Graph Courtesy of Global Buildings Performance Network
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400
600
800
1000
1200
Qla
ten
t (w
att
s)
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
heating and
dehumidification
cooling and
dehumidification
66-76F
-400
-200
0
200
-3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Qsensible (watts)
Qla
ten
t (w
att
s)
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
heating and humidification
cooling and
humidification
30-
60%rh
Grafics: Newell Instruments, Inc.
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SI Units IP
1 Heat Load: ≤10 W/m2 ≤ 1 W/ft2
Cooling Load: ≤ 8 W/m2 ≤ 0.8 W/ft2
2 Envelope Insulation:2 Envelope Insulation:Very Cold/humidVery Cold/humid Minneapolis, MNMinneapolis, MN U≤0.08 W/mU≤0.08 W/m22KK R≥71 hrR≥71 hr--ftft22--°°F/BtuF/BtuColdCold Chicago, ILChicago, IL U≤0.094 W/mU≤0.094 W/m22KK R≥60 hrR≥60 hr--ftft22--°°F/BtuF/BtuMixed/humidMixed/humid Ashville, NCAshville, NC U≤0.14 W/mU≤0.14 W/m22KK R≥40 hrR≥40 hr--ftft22--°°F/BtuF/BtuMixed/dryMixed/dry Las Vegas, NVLas Vegas, NV U≤0.14 W/mU≤0.14 W/m22KK R≥40 hrR≥40 hr--ftft22--°°F/BtuF/BtuMarine Marine Seattle, WASeattle, WA U≤0.13 W/mU≤0.13 W/m22KK R≥44 hrR≥44 hr--ftft22--°°F/BtuF/BtuHot/humidHot/humid Houston, TXHouston, TX U≤0.16 W/mU≤0.16 W/m22KK R≥35 hrR≥35 hr--ftft22--°°F/BtuF/Btu
Climate Specific Recommendations Passive House
Hot/humidHot/humid Houston, TXHouston, TX U≤0.16 W/mU≤0.16 W/m KK R≥35 hrR≥35 hr--ftft --°°F/BtuF/BtuHot/dryHot/dry Phoenix, AZPhoenix, AZ U≤0.16 W/mU≤0.16 W/m22KK R≥35 hrR≥35 hr--ftft22--°°F/BtuF/Btu
3 Thermal Bridge Free Construction:3 Thermal Bridge Free Construction:Linear Thermal TransmittanceLinear Thermal Transmittance ΨΨ≤0.01 W/≤0.01 W/mKmK ΨΨ≤0.006 Btu/hr≤0.006 Btu/hr--ftft--°°F F
4 High Performance Windows installed:4 High Performance Windows installed:Overall Thermal Transmittance (Very Cold)Overall Thermal Transmittance (Very Cold) UU≤0.6 W/m≤0.6 W/m22KK UU≤0.11 Btu/hr≤0.11 Btu/hr--ftft22--°°FFOverall Thermal Transmittance (Cold/Mixed)Overall Thermal Transmittance (Cold/Mixed) UU≤0.85 W/m≤0.85 W/m22KK UU≤0.15 Btu/hr≤0.15 Btu/hr--ftft22--°°FFOverall Thermal Transmittance (Hot)Overall Thermal Transmittance (Hot) UU≤1.55 W/m≤1.55 W/m22KK UU≤0.27 Btu/hr≤0.27 Btu/hr--ftft22--°°FF
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (Mixed/Cold) g-value≥50% SHGC≥50%Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (Hot) g-value ≤ 30% SHGC ≤ 30%
5 Heat Recovery Ventilation:Net Efficiency η≥80% η≥80%
Electric Consumption of motor ≤0.45 Wh/m3 ≤0.76 W/cfm
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Climate on the Move
Source: www.globalchange.gov
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Enclosure Strategies
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Cold and Humid Climate Wall Assembly - Chicago
Vapor Drive
End of Feb
End of Oct
End of Jul
Spring and Fall
Winter
SummerEnd of Jul Summer
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Wall Assembly Warm Humid Climate -Houston
Vapor Drive
End of October
End of February
End of July
Spring and
Fall
Winter
Summer
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Orientation and Shading a Must:
Windows to the N, S and E-W limited
46
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LeBois Project – 2010, Lafayette, LA
47
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North American Passive Building
Uptake 2003-2013
Part One: Passive Building Principles
48© Passive House Institute US 2013
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PHIUS Certifications over
last 10 Years in US and Canada
49© Passive House Institute US 2013
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PHIUS Certification Programs:
PHIUS Certification Programs
PHIUS Certification
Mark
® ®
PHIUS Certification Programs:
�Certified Passive House Consultant,CPHC®
�PHIUS Certified Builder
�PHIUS+ Certified Rater
�PHIUS+ Certified Passive House Projects
�Window Performance Data Verification Program
Mark
50© Passive House Institute US 2013
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PHIUS+ Certified Passive Projectswww.passivehouse.us/projects
48 certified and
pre-certified
Projects, Projects,
Total of more
than 130
projects
currenty
Registered in
National Data
Base to be
completed!51© Passive House Institute US 2013
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www.passivehouse.us/consultants
Certified Passive House Consultants (CPHC®)
421 Certified
Professionals Professionals
currenty listed
in National
Data Base!
52© Passive House Institute US 2013
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Passive House Alliance US
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Save the Date!
October 16-19, 20138th Annual North American Passive House
7th7th7th7th Annual North American Passive House ConferenceAnnual North American Passive House ConferenceAnnual North American Passive House ConferenceAnnual North American Passive House ConferenceSeptember 27September 27September 27September 27----30, 2012 Denver CO30, 2012 Denver CO30, 2012 Denver CO30, 2012 Denver CO
8th Annual North American Passive House
Conference, Pittsburgh, PA
Katrin Klingenberg
Executive Director | PHIUS
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Thank You!Thank You!
Questions?
55© Passive House Institute US 2013