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EcogeomorphologyPatrick BelmontDepartment of Watershed [email protected]
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An increasingly interdisciplinary endeavor...
Wheaton et al. (2011)
Makes prediction challenging
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Fuller et al. (2011)
Eco-geomorphology isn’t just a one-way relationship in whichsupply -> morphology -> organisms
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Fuller et al. (2011)
Specific hydraulic conditions combined with abiotic precipitation, algal growth, trapping of organic material, and in-situ plant growth produce a positive feedback loop that alters hydraulics to further promote travertine growth.
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Salant et al. (2011)
b) and c) show growth of low profilediatoms after 4 and 24 weeks, resp.
d), e) and f) show growth of filamentous green algae at 4, 12 and 16 weeks, resp.
Periphyton growth modulates hydraulics and amplifies rates of particle deposition and modulates particle infiltration
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Cohesive strength from roots and soilrequired for formation of single-thread channels
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Channel-vegetation feedbacks in Rio Grande
Dean and Schmidt, 2011
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Channel narrowing
~1940
2008
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Channel narrowing
~1940
2008
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Channel narrowing
~1940
2008
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Channel widthchanges over time
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Flow magnitude and duration matter
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Effects of the Twitchell Canyon wildfire on stream geomorphology and fish
habitat
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Figures: Lee MacDonald
Controls on wildfire and post-fire erosionare reasonably well known
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“Natural” wildfire is not always
bad for fishes
Example from PNW
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How does geomorphology determine Bonneville cutthroat trout habitat?
Photo: Jim Whelan
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How does geomorphology determine Bonneville cutthroat trout habitat?
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How does geomorphology determine Bonneville cutthroat trout habitat?
• Cover– Undercut
banks– Wood
• Cool water• Velocity/
drought refugia– pools
• Food
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Locations of impacts and implications for
habitat are difficult to predict
In Utah- Diverse terrain and tectonics- Low veg density, slow recovery- Monsoon effects- Erodible soils- Habitat degradation- Fragmented systems
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Which parts of a stream network will respond strongly (+ or -) to wildfire?
When, where and how are fish population bottlenecks caused by geomorphic processes?
What are the ecological benefits/detriments of channel dynamism/stability (via sediment transport, wood recruitment, etc.)?
When, where and how do human management, natural landscape features, and stochastic events increase or decrease fish habitat vulnerability?
Big questions at the interface of fish ecology and geomorphology
Implications for fish metapopulation restoration and viability?
Effects of getting hotter and drier, invasives, fragmentation?
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September 20th, 2010NASA Picture of the day
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Pre-fire vegetation
Two-needle pinyon pine(Pinus edulis)
Rocky Mountain juniper(Juniperus scopulorum)
Gambel oak(Quercus gambelii)
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Progressionof the
fire
Data: USFSAnimation: Shannon Belmont
Beaver Creek
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1/3 burned at high severity
burned 45,000 acres
started by lightning strike
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Fires within 500 km
How big was the TC fire?
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10 Jun 2011 to 8 Oct 2011
7 May 2012 to 27 Sep 2012
Precip data from Storrar, 2013
Post-fire precipitation
P(1/2) ~ 75 mm/hr
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Storrar, 2013
Post-firehillslope erosion and vegetation recovery
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How can we predict the sign and severity of channel response?
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Pre-firePost-fire
Water Depth
Avg Snowmelt Runoff
Freq
uenc
y (P
DF)
Water Depth
Base flow
Freq
uenc
y (P
DF)
Water Velocity
Mean annual flow
Freq
uenc
y (P
DF)
Temperature
Mean annual flow
Freq
uenc
y (P
DF)
f(dist downstream, riparian cover)
Hypothetical changes in habitat metrics pre- and post-fire
Grain Size
Channel bed surface
Freq
uenc
y (P
DF)
Turbidity
Time-integrated turbidity
Freq
uenc
y (P
DF)
Size of critical habitat patches
Freq
uenc
y (P
DF)
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Geology of theTushar Mountains
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Frac
tion
of sa
mpl
e po
ints
Stream Power Index (𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴0.5)
Mapping incised channel heads
Drainage Area (m2)
Frac
tion
of sa
mpl
e po
ints
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SLOPE = θ (~.3-.7)
Y-INTERCEPT = KS KSN
River longitudinal profiles𝑆𝑆 = 𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠𝐴𝐴𝜃𝜃
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FishShingle
BeaverSevier
River longitudinal profiles
Stream Profiler tool available from geomorphtools.org
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Slope-arearelationships
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sn
Normalized steepness throughout the channel network
links to process domains?
correlations to degradedor resilient reaches?
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Ksn is directly related to erosion rate
DiBiase and Whipple, 2011But what can it tell us about geomorphic process domains and fish habitat?
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sn
Normalized steepness throughout the channel network
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sn
Normalized steepness throughout the channel network
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Lidar data greatlyenhances our predictions of fine scale habitatand geomorphic process domains
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Mostly Unconfined
Partially Confined
Confined
Lidar data capturessubtle, but criticalchanges in valley bottom morphology
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Mostly Unconfined
Partially Confined
Confined
Valley confinementis a 1° control onhabitat type andvulnerability
Lidar is needed fordetailed mapping
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Twitchell Canyon Summary1. Twitchell Canyon fire was a 1% event in spatial extent, with 1/3 burning at high severity
…important implications for management of native trout populations
2. Hillslope and stream network impacts have been highly variable…but predictable…transition points in normalized steepness correlate to erosion-deposition…valley bottom width and confinement are good predictors of habitat vulnerability
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AcknowledgementsShannon BelmontWally MacFarlane, Josh Gilbert, Jordan Gilbert, Gary O’Brien, Joe Wheaton, Nick BouwesDan Bone, Evan Pool