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Paul D. Pratt and Ted D. CenterInvasive Plant Research Lab
UDSA/ARSFort Lauderdale, Florida
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Feasibility Analysis
Demographics and life cycle
analyses
Foreign exploration
Host specificity
testing
Predict efficacy
Post release evaluations
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Geographic region Sympatric Physiological limitations Geographic barriers
Host?A pest YesB native NoC native NoD native YesE native Yes
Pest A
D
B
C
E
To release or not to release, that is the question
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Underlying assumption:introduced agents will remain within the identified boundaries that delineate the program’s geographic footprint.
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Biological control program: 1986
Project footprint: Florida Bahamas (western) Cuba (Zapata peninsula)
10 of 11 myrtaceousspecies in the Bahamas were tested
Genus level specialists
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Melaleuca snout weevil(Oxyops vitiosa)
Released 1997
Melaleuca psyllid(Boreioglycaspismelaleucae)
Released 2002
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Hypothesis: Andros>Grand Bahama>New Providence
Cuba: 2 sites 2005 & 2007: No
Grand Bahama: 20 sites 2005 & 2007: No
Andros Island: 8 sites 2005 & 2007: No
New Providence: 22 sites 2005: no 2007: Yes: weevil O. vitiosa
New Providence
Andros Island
Grand Bahama
Zapata, Cuba
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Where did weevils come from? Florida
How did they disperse to New Providence? New Providence: 300 km
Distance Smallest surface area
Andros: 230 km Grand Bahama: 130 km Zapata Nat. Park: 320 km
HurricanesNew Providence
Andros Island
Grand Bahama
Zapata, Cuba
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600, 3%
5688, 25% 16576,
72%
Air travel from south Florida to:
AndrosGrand BahamaNew Providence
Most common invasion pathway is airline luggage and cargo
Nearly 23,000 flights from Florida to 3 islands
166 ships from Miami & 52 from Ft. Lauderdale, all to New Providence
Hitchhiked?
(Kiritani and Yamamura 2003)
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Flight and shipping data
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
No. of direct flights and shipping tankers from south Florida to:
Flig
hts
Ships
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1400 km
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3500 km
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Implications Fortuitous agent or
unwelcome invader? P.R. & Bahamas Los Angeles, CA
Genus level specialists No native Melaleuca in
New World no direct non-target
damage Unknown indirect non-
target effects
Beauty or Beast?
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Border crossings: Mogulones cruciger (root weevil): released in Canada and
dispersed south to US Urophora quadrifasciata (seed head fly): introduced in
Canada and spread south to Arizona in US. Eriophyes chondrillae (eriophyid mite): introduced into US
and spread north into Canada. Puccinia chondrillina (rust fungus): released in US but
spread north into Canada. Procecidochares utilis (tephritid fly): released in India but
dispersed to Nepal and China.
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Barrier Breakers: Cactoblastis cactorum (moth): released in the Caribbean
(Nevis) and dispersed to Florida in 1989. Aphytis lepidosaphes (wasp): introduced into California for
the control of a citrus scale but now occurs in Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Argentina, Turkey, Australia, etc.
Calycomyza lantanae and Ophiomyia lantanae (agromyzidflies): released in Australia and now occur in Micronesia and Malaysia.
Dialectica scalariella (moth): introduced into Australia for control of Echium cancicans but dispersed to New Zealand.
Longitarsus sp.: not permitted for release in Australia due to permeability of geographic barriers.
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Underlying assumption:introduced agents will remain within the identified boundaries that delineate the program’s geographic footprint.
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Are there any geographic boundaries that limit an agent’s spread?
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Agent High intrinsic
reproductive potential
Good dispersers Long lived
adults (or eggs) Estab. via small
founding populations
Common families
Pathways Hub of trade
or tourism Prevailing
winds or storms
“loose cannons”
Dynamic
Recipient habitat Widely
distributed host Climate
similarity(few examples of
insects dispersing beyond physiological barriers)
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Lourdes Bernier: Puerto Rico
Lucero Sevillano: Mexico Amy Ferriter: Hawaii and
Cuba Melanie Williams:
Bahamas Dana Price, John Goolsby:
Texas, US Dan Clark: Costa Rica Ernita van Wyk: South
Africa