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Urban Metabolism and Waste Management
Paul H. BrunnerVienna University of Technology, Austria
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2/19
The last 100 years: unprecedented growth in materials …
Germany 1920 Japan 2010
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3/19
England 1840 China 2010
… and energy flows!
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4/19
Large and growing material stocks
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5/19
mas
sflo
w[to
ns/p
erso
n.ye
ar]
material input
5
10
15
20
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
Today´s stocks are tomorrow´s wastes
Example of construction materials in a growing economy
40 years
today: ~ 5 t/c.y
in 40 years: ~ 15 t/c.y
3xwaste output
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6/19
Activity Input Output StockSewage Off gas Solid residues
[t/c.y] [t/c.y] [t/c]
To nourish 5,7 0,9 4,7 0,1 < 0,1
To clean 60 60 0 0,02 0,1
To reside 10 0 7,6 1 100 + 1To transport 10 0 6 1,6 160 + 2Total 86 61 19 2,7 260 + 3
Material flows into stocks equal the amount of solid residues
Household metabolism: Key activities and material flows
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7/19Source: Daxbeck et al. 1996 (updated)
Export goods
Sewage
144
Off-gas43
Water
147
Fossil fuels
Construct. materials& consumer goods
2
12-18
Air36
3Solid wastes
3Municipalsolid wastes 0.3
Fluxes [t/(c.yr)]Stocks [t]
Output ~ 195 t/c.y
Stock: 350
4-10
Input ~ 200 t/c.y
Urban metabolism: the case of Vienna
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8/19
Abundance of “holes” - or scarcity of landfill space?- the “substance” problem!
Cities grow – implications for wm?
[ 106t/a ]
+8,5
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9/19
34
6 0,3 2,7
1
11
1,5
7
2
4140*
0,8
0,8
primaryproduction
pedo-/
production waste man-agment
otherdisposal
2000 2050 21000
350
150
50
100
200
250
300 anthropogeniciron stock
44
194
344
2000 2050 21000
350
150
50
100
200
250
300 geogeniciron reserve
140
40 0
lithosphere
44
344
consump-tion
The stock – our future resource (the case of iron)
[106 tons]
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10/19
Goals and principles of waste management
General and global goals
- Protection of men and environment
- Resource conservation
- After care free wm: no export in time and space
Regionally appropriate meansEU: prevention – recycling – disposalBangla Desh: disposal – recycling - prevention
-> means depend on GDP!
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11/19
Collection + TransportTreatmentDisposal
90%
10%
Dhaka(GDP 450 US$/c.y)
0.8
0.2
82%
9%9%
Damascus(GDP 1600 US$/c.y)
4.6
0.3
59%
29%
12%
ViennaGDP 33‘000 US$/c.y))
130
0.4
region
WM costs [US$/c.y]
% of GDP
Means of waste management depend on GDP
-> Globalization of EU “waste hierarchy” ?
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12/19
Flows [kg P/c.y]
industrialprocessing/distribution
14 0.4
3 0.6 0.4
privatehouseholdagriculture
Agriculturalwastes
Productionwastes
Sewage andMSW
Better waste management based on metabolism
The case of Phosphorous: how to reach the goals of wm?
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13/19
Phosphorus[ % of input ]
Humanbody
Respirationtranspiration
STP
Feces Urine
Total foodwastes tosewersystem
GarbageWaste
Food
MSWtreatment
Kitchen
Sewage
23 63
100%(=0.4kg/(c.yr))
0
9
91
5
private household
New design based on metabolism
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14/19
consumption
recycling incineration landfill
2 170
Packaging plastic waste view
+17
WM decisions based on metabolism – the case of plastics
consumption
recycling incinerationlandfill
10 755
+75
Total plastic waste view
+50
140
100% 14 %
19 [kg/c.y]
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15/19Source: R. Fehringer, 1998
collection,transporting, sorting
recycling
wastes
stock: 45+42
stock: 0
regranulate26
49
energyrecovery
off gas
wastes
stock: 0
71
71
landfillstock: 9700+590
wastes590
[ kt/y 1994]
Einsatz
1.100 primary processing
productmanufacturing
raw material
intermediate products
plastic products
plasticproducts
duro- andpolymers
duro- and polymers
plastic products
intermediateproducts
wastes
productionwastes
stock: 40
stock: 50
stock: 7100+400
consumption
regranulate
IMPORT EXPORT
990
530
720
600
250
1728
420
210
850
6 %packaging ordinance
37%landfill ordinance
Total plastic flows and stocks in Austria
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16/19
Material &additives
Totalconsumption
[kt/yr]
Plastics 1,100
Softeners 14
Ba/Cd‐ stabilizers 0.27
Pb‐stabilizers 1.8
Fire retardants 2.3
Totalstock
[kt]
7,100
140
2.6
18
22
% in packaging material
[kt/yr]
200 18
0.2 2
0.0002 <1
0.002 <1
0 ~0
[%]
Additives are crucial for plastic recycling decisions
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17/19
Metabolism needs sinks: incinerators and landfills
main barrier: - waste propertiesadditional barriers: - natural attenuation
- monitoring
objectives: - mineralization of OC- immobilization of HM
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18/19
1. Goals of wm can be reached effectively only if total metabolism is known
2. New knowledge base needed about material flows and stocks
3. Focusing on metabolism allows:- early recognition of future problems- setting priorities- designing effective wm systems
Conclusions
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19/19
Thank you
Vienna, where ISWA World Conference 2013 will take place
http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12806