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FORENSIC NEURO-PSYCO-
PHYSILOGICAL
INTERVIEW
FOR
DETECTION OF DECEPTION
P. Paul Ramesh
Central Forensic Science Laboratory,
Directorate of Forensic Science, Sector 36A, Chandigarh
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How to catch a liar ?
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Drawbacks in Poor detection of deception
Lack of Motivation Some lies remain undetectedbecause observers do not want to detect these lies.
Poor Knowledge People to detect lies, the often fail to
do so, because they often look at the wrong clues to detect a liar.
Good Liars some people are better liars, it is difficult tocatch that person. They are (I) being original (ii) think quickly (iii)
being eloquent (iv) not experiencing feeling of fear
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Ways of catching a liar
Psychological
Physiological
Neurological
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Psychological
Interview
Non-Verbal detection
Statement AssessmentHypnosis
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Conscious Actions
Reasoning
Voluntary Motions
Instinctive Acts
Involuntary Component
of
voluntary activity
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Interview Reading peopleEmotion, Personality, Character, Motivation,
Deception
Communication ModesWords, Paralanguage, Non-verbal cues,
Artifacts, Use of time, Use of space,Physiological responses
Warning SignsAttempts to hide information ,Attempts todelay, Attempts to distract, Unusualbehavioral cues, Statements that dontmake sense, Attempts to sell,Motivations to lie
Impression ManagementattemptsIngratiation, Self-promotion, Intimidation,
Exemplification, Supplication
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Non-Verbal detection
Voice pitch is higher
increased grooming gestures
frequent swallowing
fast or shallow breathing
increased rate of eye blinks
increased body movements andpostural shifts
pupil dilation
rigid posture
Stiff and rigid posture
Increases in microexpressions Closed rather than open body
posture
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Statement Assessment
False statements have
Few details
An unusually large
number of details
True statements have
Many details
Unusual details related to
the event
Superfluous details
unrelated to the event
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What is hypnosis
Hypnosis comes from the Greek hypnosis
It means sleep
But it is not sleep or wakingNormal waking transition hypnosis
transition normal waking state
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Applications of Hypnosis
Stage hypnosis - entertainment
Clinical Hypnosis - clinical
Behavioural hypnosis
Biological hypnosis Forensic hypnosis - Testimony
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Requirement of hypnosis
Freedom from fear
Willingness
Confidence in the hypnotistMotivation + expectation +imagination =
Hypnosis
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Laws of Suggestibility
The law of concentrated attention
(more we concentrate on something, the more likely
something will happen. ex-advertisement in TV)
The law of reversed effect(harder you try to do something the more likely you will not
able to do it . ex - recall of name)
The law of Dominant effect
( The strong emotion will take the place of weaker one. ex-
smell of burning)
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Forensic Hypnosis
Natural hypnosis
Artificial hypnosis
Narco analysis
Truth serum technique
Memory recovering technique
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General Procedure
Sodium amytal or sodium pentothal
Inject slowly 5% to 10% solution
Establish the semi narcotic state
Question the subject
Additional amount can be introduce if required.
Under the observation of anesthetist, physician,
Psychologist, and investigation officer
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Forensic hypnosis session
Begin audio-video taping of session when subject enters room initialgreeting and meeting for the hypnotist and subject
Pre-session interview
Personal information
Explanation of hypnosis
Memory of incident before hypnosis
Induction (relaxing of the subject)
Memory of incident under hypnosis-Clarification of details
End of hypnosis session Bring subject out of hypnosis
Review of memory of incident after hypnosis
Debriefing of subject Answer questions about hypnosis or what subjectexperienced
Stop audio/video taping of session when subject leaves.
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Physiological
Voice Stress Analyzer
Polygraph
Thermal imaging
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Background
All physiological changes are controlled by Autonomicnervous system (i) Sympathetic and (ii) Parasympathetic
Most of the living organisms have a tendency of fight-or-flight when they encounter danger.
Due to this, there are some changes that occur in thephysiological level.
When the brain is stressed the human body secretes hormoneadrenaline, or epinephrine.
These hormones stimulate the circulatory system and the
sympathetic nervous system to divert blood from other organsto muscles.
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REACTION TOREACTION TO
STIMULISTIMULIPHYSIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY
F
I
GH
T
S
T
A
Y
F
L
I
GH
T
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Background Contd
The breathing rate and the blood flow rate
increases so that the muscles can get more oxygen.
Deception is the emotion that produces above
physiological changes in humans. The blood flow in the eyes and ears increases.
Parasympathetic system re-establishes the
chemical balance of the body with-in a fewseconds
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM
Res
t
Activit
y
Blood vessel
dilation
Peristalic Action
Achieve relaxationPupils are reactive
Heart relaxation
Vesselconstriction
Peristalic
absence
Pupils dilate
Heartacceleration
Hiperventilation
Present
Threat
Peaceful
Environment
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Voice Stress Analyzer
Definition
An instrument that measures and registers in a graph
(screen and print) involuntary physiological answers
in a person challenged by psychological stimuli (For
example, a question. )
It measures the micro oscillation or microtremor that is
present in the smooth muscle in the voice box that
contracts, causing the vocal chords to emit between
8 - 14Hertz which is related to the level of
stress that the person experiences.
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PRINCIPLES
It is more difficult to lie than to say the truth
Anxiety and guilty knowledge from lying produce
known physiological changes (MICRO-TREMOR)
The JEOPARDY effect:
Fear of losing what has been achieved with great
difficulty or, the contrary, negative, punishing
action of the law or community.
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Computerized Polygraph
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Polygraph
The respiratory system : it will record
thoracic breathing and abdominal
breathing through convoluted rubber tubes.
Galvanic Skin response : Two small sensors
are connected to the fingers to record the
filling up of sweat glands.
The Cardiac system : it will simultaneously
record blood volume and pulse rate.
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Polygraph Chart
thoracic
abdominal
GSR
Cardiac: bloodvol. & pulse
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Question type
Irrelevant Questions: essentially questions which willgive the examiner a truthful answer. Ex:- Is you nameRohan ?. Ans. should be Yes.
Control Questions: Questions on which all subjects will
be potentially untruthful. Ex:- Before this year, did youever lie to someone who trusted you ?Ans. should beNo.
Relevant Questions: Questions for which the examinerwants a result. Ex:- Did you steal that car ?(primary
involvement), Did you help any body to steal that car?( secondary involvement), Do you know who stole thatcar?(guilty knowledge), Do you know where that car isnow?(evidence connecting). Ans. should be No
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Test methods
MGQT(Modified General Question Technique): to
identify level of involvement ( primary
involvement, secondary involvement, Guilty
Knowledge & connecting evidence)and to covertotal crime
ZCT (Zone comparison Technique): It is used to
compare the level of involvements
Ranking : It is used to know other people`sinvolvement or importance.
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Preparation of Examinee
Examinee should take full rest before the
examination day
Examinee`s consent should be taken before
coming for examinationNormal food should be consumed by the examinee
Examinee should not be under the influence of any
drug or intoxication on examination day Subject should be physically fit for test
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Rights of examinee
Allowed to bring his/her own lawyer
No one allowed to be present in interview
room or test room. They can see from one
side glass
He/she can bring his person to write consent
of the subject, if illiterate.
He/she authorized to know about the
polygraph instrument before the test
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Requisition for test
Case forwarded to the Director,CFSL, Chandigarh-notbelow the rank of SP/ Magistrate
Brief facts of the case/copy of FIR
Sketch or photographs of SOC
Postmortem/medical report
Copy of the statement of complaint
Copy of panchanama
Mechanical and chemical report, if any
Statement of Witnesses
Statement of suspects
Fitness report in case of a patient
Consent before a magistrate
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Thermal Imaging
Facial image acquired
by accurate mid-
infrared camera
Transform the thermaldata to blood flow rate
data
Classifies the subject
deceptive or non-deceptive.
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Neurological
Study of brain electrical activity(brain
finger print)
Brain mapping
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HUMAN EXPERIENCE
SENSATION
PERCEPTION
ACTIONS - RESPONSES
EMOTIONS
SENSATION
PERCEPTION
ACTIONS - RESPONSES
EMOTIONS
A REFERENCE TO THE PAST
illi f f i l i i i l
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Millions of arrays of signals pouring in continuously
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EXPERIENCE
Participation Voluntary / Forced
Being there Sharing
Personal InvolvementPersonal Knowledge
Emoting directly
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Experience
is the primary source of Information
Experiential Knowledge - Experience leads to
Primary Encoding in the Brain.
Conceptual Knowledge - Information that wereceive through hearsay and other sources
(e.g. reading) leaves only Secondary Encoding
in the Brain.
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PRIMARY ENCODING
1. It takes place only during Experience
2. It is a Neuropsychological Event
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Primary Encoding may
be qualified to be called a
BRAIN FINGERPRINT
of the Experience.
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A Brain Fingerprinting Procedure uses
Visual priming pictures relevant to crime
Pictures as stimulus
Words relevant to the crimeSuspects would have come to know of several facts of
an event either through their participation or through
other persons.
Relevant information is also shared by many who may
be connected with the event, or who have merely come
to know of it because it has happened in their proximity.
Neutral words
Randomly selected and not connected to the crime
under investigation.
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Brain Fingerprinting may become
a Technique to retrieve
Evidence
Directly from the Suspects Brain
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Brain Mapping
Glucose activityincreases in brain areasbeing used
Activity is detected byfRMI scan Red & yellow = very
active
Blue = less active
Different tasks producedifferent brain activity
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CONCLUSION
Detection Lies is not an easy task, that does
not mean that detecting lies is impossible
There is no technique superior or inferior.
All the techniques will be used for detection
of deception accordingly as per expert
ability and suspects behavior.