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PCBs in Floodplain Soils and Shrews of the Hudson River, NY
T. Brosnan (NOAA), C. Balk (NYSDEC), J. Davis (NYSDOL), L. Gumaer (NYSDEC), M. Heaney (SEA), P. Kane (WHG), K. Jahn (FWS), R. Levine (IEc), L. Rosman (NOAA), K. Smith (SEA). Presented at SETAC Meeting, Baltimore, MD. Nov. 11-15, 2001.
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Presentation Overview
• Background on PCB Contamination• Assessing Floodplain PCB Contamination
– Objectives– Methods– Results– Conclusions
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Gle ns Fa lls
Alb a n y
Pou ghke e psie
Ne w YorkCity
UpperHuds on
LowerHuds on (Tidal)
NEW YORK
NEWJERSEY
CT
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0 20 mi
0 25 k
Upper and Lower Hudson River
TroyTroy
FreshKings ton
Ne wb urghSaline
NPLSITE
FloodplainStudyArea
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PCB Exposure in theUpper Hudson River
• Sediment range: 0.012 - 4,000 mg/kg• Water range: 0.0052 – 9 ug/L• Recent Maximum in Biota (mg/kg):
– Fish: 27 – 445 (fillet)– Benthos: 10-20 – Great Blue Heron: 220 (fat)– Tree Swallows: 77 (egg)– Snapping turtle: 3,091 (fat)– Otter: 22.5 (liver)
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Objectives
• As part of a NRDA, conduct a screening level assessment to determine if:
– 1. floodplain soils of the Upper Hudson River are contaminated with PCBs, and
– 2. terrestrial biota using those floodplains are contaminated with PCBs.
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Sampling Design: Soils
• 11 transects in floodplains along ~23 miles between Ft Edward and Stillwater
• Transects = 6-9 surface grabs per transect, w/in ~400 feet of the Hudson (see schematic)
• Two cores per transect, 4 sections per core• 179 soil samples analyzed for total PCBs,
TOC, grain size
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A B C D E… I
Sampling Transect Schematic
Surface samples: 0-15 cm
Cores
Hudson River
0-15 cm
15-25 cm
25-35 cm35-45 cm45-55 cm
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#
#
3
4
Fo rtEdward
Schuy le rv ill e
Sar atoga Lake
Huds onFa lls
Sar a toga Bat tlefiel d
N ational Histo ric al Par k
6
2
5
11
1 2
1 08
1
9
71 0 1 2 3 4 5 Miles
N
170
180
1 9 0
200
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Sampling Design: Biota
• 1. Shrews: – Predator known to accumulate organochlorines – Close association with soil to depths of 50 cm– Important prey item for owls and other predators.
• Up to 5 shrews collected at each transect w/traps• Most collected w/in 20 m of transect.• 43 shrews analyzed for total PCBs and lipids, sex, &
length• 2. Earthworms: collected @ each site and archived
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PCB Floodplain Summary Statistics
4.13.1 – 1642Shrew (mg/kg lipid)
1.80.048 – 38Shrew (mg/kg wet wt)
268<0.3 – 10,435Soil (mg/kg TOC)
8.2<0.011 - 360Soil (mg/kg dry wt)
MEANRANGE
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1234567891011
PCB
(mg/
kg d
w)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Surficial (0-15 cm) Soil PCBs vs Sampling Sites
N = 6 – 9 for each bar
RogersIsl.
ThompsonIsl. Pool
Saratoga Battlefield
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Surficial Soil PCBs vs. Sampling Sites Normalized to Percent Silt
Sampling Sites1234567891011
PCB
s (m
g/kg
/% s
ilt)
0.01
0.1
1
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Surficial Soil PCBs vs Distance from River
Distance from River (ft.)0 100 200 300 400
PCB
(mg/
kg d
w)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
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Total PCB Depth ProfilesThompson Island Pool (Site 8, RM 188.81)
Soil Core Depth (cm)15 B25 B35 B45 B55 B15 F25 F35 F45 F55 F
PCB
(mg/
kg d
w)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000 ~23 feet from river ~80 feet from river
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Total PCB Soil Depth Profile Opposite Coveville (Site 5, RM 178.5)
Soil Core Depth (cm)15 D 25 D 35 D 45 D 55 D 15 F 25 F 35 F 45 F 55 F
PCB
(mg/
kg d
w)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000~42 ft from the river ~70 ft from the river
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PCBs in Shrews vs Sampling Sites (Wet Weight)
Sampling Sites12345678101112
PCB
(mg/
kg w
w)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100N=5
3
1
2
4
4
45 5
55
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PCBs in Shrews vs Sampling Sites (Lipid Normalized)
Sampling Sites12345678101112
PCB
(mg/
kg li
pid)
1
10
100
1000
10000
N=5
1
554
2 45
4
53
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Summary• Screening level assessment: 179 soil samples, 43
shrews collected along 20 miles below Ft. Edward• Most soil and all shrew samples collected were
contaminated with PCBs• Soil concentrations tend to decrease moving
downstream and away from the river• Surface concentrations tended to be highest in the
top 25 cm• 53% of surface soil samples and 28% of samples
at depth >= 1 mg/kg• Shrew PCB concentrations tend to decrease going
downstream
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Summary (cont.)
• Results are consistent w/a hypothesis that:
• 1. PCBs from the river are contaminating Hudson River floodplains, and
• 2. Floodplain PCBs are bioavailable to terrestrial biota.
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Acknowledgements
• Thanks to Joe Steinbacher and Donna Lawson (NOAA) for graphics