Download - PDC+++ Module 3 Class 10 Forest Gardens I
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M3.10 PDC+++M3.10 PDC+++At about the time humankind discovered agriculture, forests covered about 50% of the land
area on planet Earth. Now they barely cover some 30%, & falling. This is now the single most urgent physical repairing of the environment we need to engage in, as forests are so vital for
every aspect of life on Earth, safeguarding the vital cycles of air, water, earth, stabilizing the local & global climate, creating soil & habitats for a huge number of species, sustaining
entire economies & our health.
Forests play a key vital role on many levels as they are so basic & even primal for humans. In
this class we get intimately acquainted with Forests, their make-up, how they work & especially we learn how to design Forest Gardens: our future human habitat, if we are to survive & thrive
as humans
of the
an integral exploration
PDC++ +
M3.10 Forest Gardens
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Importance of Forests
Forest Mythologies
How to Design Edible Forests
Examples of Forest Gardens
Re-Storying - WoodLand of the Future
M3.10 Forest Gardensan integral exploration
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Wangari Maathai
"Until you dig a hole, plant a tree, you water it
& you make it survive,
you haven't done a thing.
You're just talking"
It's a matter of
life and death
for this
country.
The Kenyan
forests are
facing
extinction and
it is a man-
made
problem.
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Importance of Forests
Forest Mythologies
How to Design Edible Forests
Examples of Forest Gardens
Re-Storying - WoodLand of the Future
M3.10 Forest Gardensan integral exploration
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Forest importance
AlterAlterrunoffrunoff
Prevent soilPrevent soilerosionerosion
Negative ionizationNegative ionizationThat atractsThat atractsPositive ionsPositive ions
Biomass,Biomass,InteraccionsInteraccions
SafeguardSafeguard from thefrom the
windwind
Increase rainfall, Increase rainfall, Modify Weather Modify Weather
conditionsconditions
TranspirationTranspiration
ProductsProducts
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Wind-Forest interaction
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Rain-Forest interaction
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Rain-Forest interactionRain-Forest interaction
Trough gas exchange, forest keep and oxigenate atmosphere and anTrough gas exchange, forest keep and oxigenate atmosphere and anActive water-vapour cycle essential for life.Active water-vapour cycle essential for life.
Hot and dry airHot and dry air
Cold and humid airCold and humid air
Cooled and humidifiedCooled and humidified
Heated, dehumidifiedHeated, dehumidifiedAnd released by the tree crownsAnd released by the tree crowns
Winds deflected over the forest cause compresion in the streamlines of the wind,Winds deflected over the forest cause compresion in the streamlines of the wind,So there are more water vapour per volume and the air is cooled.So there are more water vapour per volume and the air is cooled.Both conditions are conducive to rain.Both conditions are conducive to rain.
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The impact on the canopyThe impact on the canopyCauses evaporation and don'tCauses evaporation and don't
Reach the ground directlyReach the ground directlyAvoiding erosionAvoiding erosion
Trees intercept rain. Till allTrees intercept rain. Till allLeaves are wet no droplet reachLeaves are wet no droplet reach
The ground. The ground.
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Forest-weather interaction
CondensationCondensation
Rehumidification of streamlinesRehumidification of streamlinesEvaporation takes place in theEvaporation takes place in thecosts and air currents carry the moist aircosts and air currents carry the moist airwhen it hit the tops of the treeswhen it hit the tops of the trees form water droplets.form water droplets.condensation can reach 80-86% ofcondensation can reach 80-86% ofTotal rainfals.Total rainfals.
Forest create clouds. This water is Forest create clouds. This water is richer in nutrients that come fromricher in nutrients that come from the forest.the forest.
TranspirationTranspirationThe release of water through theThe release of water through thePores of trees and other plantsPores of trees and other plants
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temperature down 3-5 degrees Ctemperature down 3-5 degrees Cair humidity up 10%air humidity up 10%
cloud cover up 11.5%cloud cover up 11.5%rainfall up 25%rainfall up 25%
137 species of birds (up from 5)137 species of birds (up from 5)9 species of primates9 species of primates
3000 people getting income3000 people getting income
Lestari project class 3.2Lestari project class 3.2
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CO2 + H2O + sun/chlorophyll -> O2 + C6H12O6
Forest are
Carbon sinks
&Energy
generators
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Importance of Forests
Forest Mythologies
How to Design Edible Forests
Examples of Forest Gardens
Re-Storying - WoodLand of the Future
M3.10 Forest Gardensan integral exploration
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The Garden The Garden of Edenof Eden
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the first famous Forest Garden of history?
The Tree of Knowledgeof Good & Evil
The Tree of Life
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the first famous Forest Garden of history?The Tree of Life
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The Tree of Life
BioDiversity & InterConnection
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The Garden of the Hesperides
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Ladonthe Dragon
protects the Tree of the Golden
Apples- the Tree of Life, or of Immortality
- a wedding present from
Gaia
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Safeguards very precious, magical
things
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Inspired ancient &
modern artists
& our imagination
because primal & very
attractive
The Garden of the Hesperides
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Importance of Forests
Forest Mythologies
How to Design Edible Forests
Examples of Forest Gardens
Re-Storying - WoodLand of the Future
M3.10 Forest Gardensan integral exploration
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Forest Gardens/Edible Woodlands
What are they?• ecosystems that imitate the structure & functioning of ecosystems that imitate the structure & functioning of
a natural forest a natural forest
• but they provide us with food & other resourcesbut they provide us with food & other resources
• edible tree, bush & herb species are selectededible tree, bush & herb species are selected
• & other support species (wind protection, parasites, & other support species (wind protection, parasites, leguminous, mulch)leguminous, mulch)
• Design: aims to become self-maintaining & we will Design: aims to become self-maintaining & we will have to do very little maintenancehave to do very little maintenance
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it is only by devolving responsability & self-regulating functions that a stable life system
can evolve
Policy of Responsibility (to devolve power)The role of a beneficial authority is to devolve function & responsability to life & to people; if it's successful, no more authority is needed.
The role of a successful design is to create a
system that self-regulates
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Edible ForestEdible Forest
Forest StructureForest Structure (various levels)(various levels)
Perennial Perennial PlantsPlants
Soil not tilledSoil not tilled
LOTS ofLOTS ofDiversityDiversity
Products:Products:Fruits, Nuts, Fruits, Nuts,
Leaves, Wood,Leaves, Wood,Medicine, BeautyMedicine, Beauty Little Maintenance Little Maintenance
WorkWork
High Total High Total YieldYield
Habitat for WildLifeHabitat for WildLife
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Some inportant aspects
of Edible Forests
Covered Soil
Niches for Fauna
Aromatic Plants
Polyculture
Mulch
Vegetable Cover
Insects, toads, hedgehog, birds,…
• Habitat• Food Plants• Water (ponds)• No cats (predators)
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The 7 Layers:Form or
Structure of Edible Forests
1.• Tall Trees2.• Lower Trees3.• Shrubs4.• Herbs5.• Roots6.• Soil Cover7.• Climbers
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• Each one is different (no recepies)Each one is different (no recepies)• in general - use design principles & methodology:in general - use design principles & methodology:• Observe, observe, OBSERVE, esp. good complete "client Observe, observe, OBSERVE, esp. good complete "client
interviews" (careful with who is the 'client/clients' in each case) interviews" (careful with who is the 'client/clients' in each case) • Accellerate Natural Succession Accellerate Natural Succession • Learn from / Imitate NatureLearn from / Imitate Nature• Start very SmallStart very Small• Incremental DesignIncremental Design• etc.etc.
Forest Gardens/Edible WoodlandsHow are they Created?
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How does the Edible Forest illustrate these How does the Edible Forest illustrate these Principles?Principles?
- Stacking- Stacking- High-Lows- High-Lows- Cycling Energy- Cycling Energy- Unlimited Imagination- Unlimited Imagination- Diversity- Diversity- Connexion Strategies- Connexion Strategies
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How it can startHow it can start
““with whatever you've got”with whatever you've got” Observe the emergent DesignObserve the emergent DesignororDeduction from NatureDeduction from Nature
Establishing a system: an area is fenced & a mix of species is planted & protected from pasture Establishing a system: an area is fenced & a mix of species is planted & protected from pasture animals. Only ducks, geese & some annual crops are harvested animals. Only ducks, geese & some annual crops are harvested
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Incremental DesignIncremental Design
The system evolves to a semi-mature stage. Chickens are introduced occasionallyThe system evolves to a semi-mature stage. Chickens are introduced occasionally
Observe, OBSERVE, observeObserve, OBSERVE, observe adapting all the time, adapting all the time, continuouslycontinuously
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A mature system provides forrage, wood & animal products + is self-sufficient in production of A mature system provides forrage, wood & animal products + is self-sufficient in production of mulch & fertilizer. A mature system requires maintenance more than an input of energy & mulch & fertilizer. A mature system requires maintenance more than an input of energy & has a variety of sellable yield. has a variety of sellable yield.
Only MaintenanceOnly Maintenance
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But there are many But there are many other ways... other ways... depending on what depending on what you've got when you've got when startingstartingEg.. Eg..
• if you already have the if you already have the canopy or the shrub layercanopy or the shrub layer
• if you need to start by if you need to start by fertilizing the soil & it's fertilizing the soil & it's appropiate to use chicken appropiate to use chicken tractors tractors
• starting with guilds starting with guilds
• small or large scalessmall or large scales
• start with a standard start with a standard garden ...garden ...
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3366
In the old farm ...
we focused on anti-erosio strategies
* mini-max
* an element (Event) fulfils
multiple functions
1) news at the end of the day
2) food for goats
3) prune trees
4) observe finca / design together /
client interview
5) sunset viewing
6) water storage
7) anti-erosion structures
8) wildlife refuges
9) wood stores (twigs)
10) physical excercise* problem is the
solutiongoat rutine every day
gets boring ...... multifunction
* fluctuations
completely different situation to now ...
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But in the new farm ...But in the new farm ...we focused on designing the gardens we focused on designing the gardens
(food!)(food!)
Creating a Garden of EdenCreating a Garden of Edenstarting with OUR particular starting with OUR particular conditions & characteristicsconditions & characteristics
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< The Vision< The Vision
> The Mission> The Mission
< Methodology< MethodologyPrinciplesPrinciples
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< 2005 < Chicken < 2005 < Chicken TractoredTractored
2006 Starting >2006 Starting >
> 2006 > > 2006 > Lots of Lots of food >food >
< Sara designed & < Sara designed & implemented the first implemented the first phase of the gardenphase of the garden
20102010
20092009
< now < now Semi-Semi-
ForestForest
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Importance of Forests
Forest Mythologies
How to Design Edible Forests > Part 2
Examples of Forest Gardens
Re-Storying - WoodLand of the Future
M3.10 Forest Gardensan integral exploration
> Part 2