Peace and Security throughPeace and Security through
DISARMADISARMAMENTMENT
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“Let us at least make sure that the next generation understands, better than ours has done, or at least mine has done, that human security is as much governance, human rights, and social justice, as it is about arsenals.”
Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary-GeneralNovember 2000
THE THE NUCLEARNUCLEAR THREATTHREATcontinues today…THE MILLENIUM SUMMIT
of the General Assembly resolved “to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons…”
HIROSHIHIROSHIMA, 1945MA, 1945
“The need for a more human-centred approach to security is reinforced by the continuing dangers that weapons of mass destruction, most notably nuclear weapons, pose to humanity.”
Kofi Annan,UN Secretary-General
Banning
NUCLEAR NUCLEAR TEST TEST EXPLOSIONEXPLOSIONSS
ForeverForeverOVER 2000 NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
worldwide were registered in the 51 years between the first nuclear explosive test on 16 July 1945 and the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty on 24 September 1996.
Banning and Destroying
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL AND AND BIOLOGICABIOLOGICAL L WEAPONSWEAPONS
“Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases… has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world.”
From the preamble of the 1925 Geneva Protocol banning the use in war of chemical
and bacteriological methods of warfare
CONVENCONVENTIONAL TIONAL WEAPONWEAPONSSFighting Today’s Wars
OVERSUPPLIES OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
• Make war more likely and more deadly • Encourageviolence • Prolong conflicts • Hamper humanitarian aid• Threaten peace agreements • Endanger peacekeepers• Destabilize Governments • Hinder economic development
The Heavy Toll of
SMALL SMALL ARMSARMSIn recent conflicts around the world, small arms and light weapons have been the cause of four out of five casualties. The vast majority of victims have been non-combattants. Most are women and children.
Modern arms are light, easy to carry and hide, require little maintenance and little or no training. They can make every farmer, every office worker, even every school child, a potential soldier.
LANDMILANDMINESNES Don’t Walk HereToday, 80% of landmine victims are civilians, killed or injured after wars and conflicts have ended. One third of the nations of the earth are affected by mine and unexploded ordinance (UXO) contamination.
A landmine can cost as little as US $3 to manufacture. Finding and removing it can cost as much as US $1,000.
DISARMAMENT SOLUTIONS
• REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS• INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM
FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING
• WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
• DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
• FIVE PILLARS OF THE UN MINE ACTION
REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS
At the height of the cold war, more than 70,000 nuclear weapons existed.
Much has been achieved:
–To reduce, dismantle and eliminate nuclear weapons–To stop the spread of nuclear weapons –To monitor material from dismantled nuclear weapons–To stop the testing of nuclear weapons–To create nuclear-weapon-free zones
Much still needs to be done
As we start the millennium, more than 30,000 nuclear weapons remain. Many are on high alert and ready to be launched on warning.
Torching Nuclear Arms: Nuclear missile dismantling, 1998 (US Department of Energy
REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS
INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING
Moratoriums on nuclear test explosions have been declared by all five nuclear-weapon States pending entry into force of the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty….
Seismic monitors help scientists distinguish between a nuclear explosion and an earthquake.
INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING
Infrasound monitors detect acoustic waves generated from distant sources, such as chemical and nuclear explosions.
Hydroacoustic monitors register sound signals deep in the ocean.
Radionuclide monitors measure air samples for the presence of radioactive material.
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) was established to achieve the goals and objectives of the first globally verifiable multilateral disarmament treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention, to completely prohibit the use, development, production, and stockpiling of chemical weapons, as well as the destruction of existing stocks.
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Through routine inspections, challenge inspections and investigations of alleged use, the OPCW
– Ensures the implementation of the conventions provisions
– Monitors implementation
– Provides a forum for consultation and cooperation among States Parties.
Chemical weapons inspectors. French troops in Kuwait, 1991
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Biological Weapons Convention
To ensure compliance with the provisions of the Biological Weapons Convention, the need for global, cooperative compliance and verification measures has become much more acute.
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Biological Weapons ConventionTo bolster confidence in the effectiveness of the
Convention, the States parties to the Convention currently exchange information on:
• Research centres and laboratories;
• National biological defense research and development programmes;
• Infectious disease outbreaks;
• Relevant legislation;
• Vaccine production
DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
“Flame of Peace”; a ceremonial destruction of weapons collected from rebels, Timbuktu, Mali
The first UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects adopted in July 2001 a forward-looking programme of action that committed nations, regions and the international Community collectively to:
•Help to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms.
DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
• Enhance cooperation among states to end illegal transfers and sales.
• Reduce the accumulation of small arms and light weapons around the world.
• Encourage the collection and destruction of excess weapons in exchange for development incentives.
Actor Michael Douglas destroying arms in a UN/UNDP pilot “arms for development” project. Gramsh, Albania. October 1999.
DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
United Nations Register of Conventional Arms promotes trust and confidence through transparency.
More than 90 member states report to the United Nations, other Governments, and to the people every year regarding their imports and exports of major weapons systems.
More than 95% of the trade in tanks, armoured vehicles, combat aircraft, large-caliber artillery, attack helicopters, warships, missiles and missile launchers is covered by the register.
FIVE PILLARS OF MINE ACTION
MINE AWARENESS: Populations at risk must be educated and local authorities trained to deal with landmine problems.
CLEARING A PATH -- DEMINING: Finding and disposing of these devices is time-consuming, difficult and expensive.
The UN works in close partnership with Governments, civil society, business and individuals to tackle the landmine crisis.
Digging for landmines, Cambodia
FIVE PILLARS OF MINE ACTION
VICTIM ASSISTANCE: Rehabilitation of and care for thousands of maimed, blinded and crippled victims of landmine explosions.
ADVOCACY FOR GLOBAL BAN: Making the ban effective and universal.
STOCKPILE REDUCTION: Keeping to treaty commitments and building confidence in the Convention Banning Landmines.
Learning about landmines, Mozambique, 1994, UN Mine Action Service
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTSTREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
24 January 1946
First Resolution of the General Assembly seeks ways to eliminate atomic weapons from national armaments
24 January 1946
First Resolution of the General Assembly seeks ways to eliminate atomic weapons from national armaments
29 July 1957
International Atomic Energy Agency established.
1 December 1959
The Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent, bans the testing of any kind of weapons and prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste material.
5 August 1963
Partial Test-Ban Treaty bans nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater
5 March 1970
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commits nuclear and non-nuclear states to nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and the peaceful uses of energy
29 July 1957
International Atomic Energy Agency established.
1 December 1959
The Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent, bans the testing of any kind of weapons and prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste material.
5 August 1963
Partial Test-Ban Treaty bans nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater
5 March 1970
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commits nuclear and non-nuclear states to nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and the peaceful uses of energy
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTSTREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
11 February 1971
The Sea-Bed Treaty bans the emplacement of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction on the ocean floor and its subsoil
11 February 1971
The Sea-Bed Treaty bans the emplacement of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction on the ocean floor and its subsoil
10 April 1972
Biological Weapons Convention bans bacteriological and biological warfare
26 May 1972
SALT I and ABM Treaty Agreement limit strategic offensive arms and anti-ballistic missile systems between the USSR and US
18 June 1979
SALT II further limits strategic offensive arms between USSR and US
10 April 1981
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons bans weapons which explode fragments that are by X-ray undetectable within the human body, limits the use of certain types of mines and booby traps, bans incendiary weapons designed to set fire to targets and bans the use of blinding laser weapons
10 April 1972
Biological Weapons Convention bans bacteriological and biological warfare
26 May 1972
SALT I and ABM Treaty Agreement limit strategic offensive arms and anti-ballistic missile systems between the USSR and US
18 June 1979
SALT II further limits strategic offensive arms between USSR and US
10 April 1981
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons bans weapons which explode fragments that are by X-ray undetectable within the human body, limits the use of certain types of mines and booby traps, bans incendiary weapons designed to set fire to targets and bans the use of blinding laser weapons
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTSTREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
8 December 1987
INF Treaty eliminates entire category of intermediate and shorter-range nuclear weapons of the USSR and US
8 December 1987
INF Treaty eliminates entire category of intermediate and shorter-range nuclear weapons of the USSR and US
19 November 1990
CFE Treaty curtails conventional weapons systems in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains
31 July 1991
START I Treaty reduces strategic nuclear weapons to 6,000 for USSR and US
23 May 1992
Lisbon Protocol Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation and Ukraine -- successor states to USSR -- accede to START I
3 January 1993
Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits chemical warfare and provides for destruction of all stocks
19 November 1990
CFE Treaty curtails conventional weapons systems in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains
31 July 1991
START I Treaty reduces strategic nuclear weapons to 6,000 for USSR and US
23 May 1992
Lisbon Protocol Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation and Ukraine -- successor states to USSR -- accede to START I
3 January 1993
Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits chemical warfare and provides for destruction of all stocks
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTSTREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
24 September 1996
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty bans all nuclear test explosions in all environments for all time
24 September 1996
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty bans all nuclear test explosions in all environments for all time
2-4 December 1997
Mine Ban Convention bans all anti-personnel landmines and provides for their destruction
2-4 December 1997
Mine Ban Convention bans all anti-personnel landmines and provides for their destruction
The 1959 Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent and bans the testing of nuclear devices and the placement of radioactive waste.
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty mandates that nuclear weapons not be placed or tested in outer space or on the moon.
KEEPING THE WORLDKEEPING THE WORLD-- OUTER SPACE ---- OUTER SPACE --
FREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONSFREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
The 1959 Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent and bans the testing of nuclear devices and the placement of radioactive waste.
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty mandates that nuclear weapons not be placed or tested in outer space or on the moon.
The 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco prohibits nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
The 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga declares the South Pacific a nuclear-free zone
The 1996 Pelindaba Treaty declares the African continent a nuclear-weapon-free zone
The 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco prohibits nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean -
The 1997 Bangkok Treaty declares Southeast Asia a nuclear-weapon-free zone
In 1998, the General Assembly recognizes Mongolia’s declaration of its nuclear-weapon-free status.
The 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga declares the South Pacific a nuclear-free zone
The 1996 Pelindaba Treaty declares the African continent a nuclear-weapon-free zone
The 1997 Bangkok Treaty declares Southeast Asia a nuclear-weapon-free zone
In 1998, the General Assembly recognizes Mongolia’s declaration of its nuclear-weapon-free status.
Stop Deforestation $ 7 BILLION
Eliminate Illiteracy $ 5 BILLION
Build Democracy $ 2 BILLION
Remove Land Mines $ 2 BILLION
Refugee Relief $ 5 BILLION
Stop Ozone Depletion $ 5 BILLION
Eliminate Nuclear Weapons $ 7 BILLION
Prevent Acid Rain $ 8 BILLION
Prevent Global Warming $ 8 BILLION
Provide Safe, Clean Water $ 10 BILLION
Stabilize Population $ 10.5 BILLION
GLOBAL PRIORITIES
Annual World Military Expenditures
$ 800 BILLION
Eliminate Starvation and Malnutrition $ 19 BILLION
Provide Shelter $ 21 BILLION
Provide Health Care and AIDS Control $ 21 BILLION
Prevent Soil Erosion $ 24 BILLION
Retire Developing Nations’ Debt $ 30 BILLION
Provide Clean, Safe Energy $ 50 BILLION
GLOBAL PRIORITIES
GLOBAL PRIORITIES
Annual WorldMilitary
Expenditures$ 800 BILLION
Eliminate Nuclear Weapons $ 7 BILLION
Prevent Acid Rain $ 8 BILLION
Stabilize Population $ 10.5 BILLION
Prevent Soil Erosion $ 24 BILLION
Provide Clean, Safe Energy $ 50 BILLION
Stop Ozone Depletion $ 5 BILLION
Remove Landmines $ 2 BILLION$ 2 BILLION Build Democracy
Eliminate Illiteracy $ 5 BILLION$ 5 BILLION Refugee Relief
$ 7 BILLION Stop Deforestation
Provide Shelter $ 21 BILLION
$ 8 BILLION Prevent Global Warming
$ 10 BILLION Provide Clean, Safe Water
$ 19 BILLION Eliminate Starvation and Malnutrition
$ 21 BILLION Provide Health Care and AIDS Control
$ 30 BILLION Retire Developing Nations’ Debt
OVERSPENDING ON WEAPONS
vs people
Peace and Security through
DISARMAMDISARMAMENTENT
For more information please visit the For more information please visit the United Nations Disarmament WebsiteUnited Nations Disarmament Website
http://disarmament.un.orghttp://disarmament.un.org
enquiries by email: [email protected]