![Page 1: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and Evaluation: Las Vegas Case Study
Shashi NambisanDirector, InTrans & Professor of Civil Engineering
Iowa State University ([email protected])
Srinivas Pulugurtha, The University of North Carolina at CharlotteMukund Dangeti, University of Nevada, Las VegasVinod Vasudevan, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
FHWA’sPedestrian Safety Web Conference
Washington, DCMay 28, 2009
![Page 2: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Goals
• Improve pedestrian safety, minimize risk• Identify, develop, deploy, and evaluate
countermeasures• Case Study: Las Vegas metro area, Nevada
2
![Page 3: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
• Significant growth for 20+ years• Wide, fast street grid network High posted & operational vehicle speeds
• Widely used transit system• High risk conditions for pedestrians• Demographics Population ~ 1.8 million Diversity: age, race
• 85 percent of the crashes involved locals
3
![Page 4: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pedestrian Crashes (2003 – 2006) 4
![Page 5: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Methodology
• Identify candidate locations
GIS based analysis
Site characteristics
Problem characteristics
• Develop, deploy, & evaluate countermeasures • Measures of effectiveness
5
![Page 6: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Study Design
• Before and after Studies• Comparative studies (with control group)• Data collection ( ~18,000 pedestrians)• Statistical analysesParametricNon-parametric
6
![Page 7: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Study Locations
• Top priority / high risk locationsCrash index and crash rank
• Site selection: 18 locations Includes 4 control locationsExcluded the resort Corridor (The “Strip” and
its proximity)• Different jurisdictionsCity of Las VegasCity of North Las Vegas Clark County Nevada Dept of Transportation (State)
7
![Page 8: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Study Locations
Control PointsHigh Pedestrian Risk Locations
R!
Major Streets0 0.7 1.4 2.10.35Miles /
! !R
R!9 10
13 14 15 16
1817
12 11
! R7 8
!!R
123
R !6 5 4
!!
I 15
US 95 UP
RR
SAHARA AV
CAREY AV
FLAMINGO RD
TROPICANA AV
WASHINGTON AV
JONES B LVD
OWENS AVNELLI S B LV D
CHARLESTON BLVD
EASTERN AV
DEC AT U R B LV D
LAS
VEGA
S BL
VD
LAMB BLVD
RANCHO DR
VEGAS DR
STEWART AV
LAKE MEAD BLVD
BOULDER HWY
VALLEY VIEW BLVD
INDU
STRI
AL R
D
PARADISE RD
BRUCE ST
FREMONT ST4TH
ST
MARYLAND P KW
Y
MA RTI N L K ING
BLV D
SPRING MOUNTAIN RD
SWENSO
N ST
VEGAS VALLEY DR
CABANA DR
SMOKE RANCH RD
PECO
S R D
DESERT INN RD
SANDS AV
BONANZA RD
CIVIC CENTER DR
MO
UNTAIN VISTA ST
TWAIN AV
COM
MERC
E ST
4TH STTWAIN AV
I 15
LAKE MEAD BLVD
BONANZA RD
TWAIN AV
US 95
PECOS R D
DESERT INN RD
LAMB BLVD
DESERT INN RD
PECOS RD
8
![Page 9: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Selection of Countermeasures
• Site characteristics
Geometric conditions
Operating conditions
Light conditions
Demographics
Land-use
• Costs
9
![Page 10: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Countermeasures
• Engineering based countermeasures• ITS based countermeasures• Others
10
![Page 11: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Advanced Warning Signs / Yield Markings11
![Page 12: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
High Visibility Crosswalk Treatment12
![Page 13: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
In-Roadway Knockdown Signs 13
![Page 14: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Portable Speed Trailer 14
![Page 15: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Turning Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians 15
![Page 16: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Danish Offset and Median Refuge16
![Page 17: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pedestrian Activated Flashers 17
![Page 18: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Automatic Pedestrian Detection and Smart Lighting Lighting
18
![Page 19: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pedestrian Buttons that Confirm “Call” “Call”
19
![Page 20: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pedestrian Channelization 20
![Page 21: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ITS No-Turn on Red Blank out Signs21
![Page 22: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes22
![Page 23: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests
• Pedestrian
Using the crosswalk
Captured / diverted
Looking for cars before crossing
Trapped in the middle of the street
Pedestrian-vehicle Conflicts
Pedestrian waiting for signal to cross
Delay
• Driver
Yielding behavior, distance
Blocking crosswalk
Speed
23
![Page 24: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Speed Trailer Site Information 24
![Page 25: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Speed Trailer and Vehicle Speeds
35.0
40.0
31.5 31.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Direction of Traffic
Ave
rage
Spe
ed (m
ph)
Before After
54.6 kph
50.7 kph
64.3 kph
51.3 kph
25
![Page 26: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Speed Trailer: Vehicle Speeds Analysis
MOE
Baseline vs. Stage 1 Baseline vs. Stage 2
DeltaMeanSpeed
P-value H0
DeltaMeanSpeed
P-value H0
H0 : Vbefore = Vafter vs. Ha : Vafter < Vbefore
Eastbound mph
(kmph)
5.5(8.9) <0.001 Reject 8.1
(13.0) <0.001 Reject
Westbound mph
(kmph)
6.5(10.5) <0.001 Reject 3.7
(6.0) <0.001 Reject
26
![Page 27: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Speed Trailer: Analysis of Pedestrians
(Safety) Measures of Effectiveness Baseline Stage 1 Stage 2
Sample = 165 Sample = 47 Sample = 156
Percent Percent Percent
% pedestrians who look for vehicles before beginning to cross 80 100 100
% pedestrians who look for vehicles before crossing 2nd half of street 85 100 100
% pedestrians trapped in the roadway 41 34 37
27
![Page 28: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Highly Effective Countermeasures
Description CostAdvanced Yield Markings for Motorists Low
In-roadway Knockdown Signs Low
Pedestrian Countdown Signals with Animated Eyes
Medium
Danish Offset High
Median Refuge High
Portable Speed Trailer High
Pedestrian Activated Flashing Yellow High
28
![Page 29: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Moderately Effective Countermeasures
Description CostPedestrian Call buttons that Confirm Call (Visible/Audible confirmation)
Low
Turning Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians Low
ITS No-Turn on Red Signs Medium
ITS Automatic Pedestrian Detection Devices
High
29
![Page 30: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Countermeasures with Low Effectiveness Effectiveness
Description CostWarning Signs for Motorists Low
High Visibility Crosswalk Treatment Medium
Pedestrian Channelization High
Smart Lighting High
30
![Page 31: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Summary
• Significant overall benefits
Pedestrian
Driver• Permitting & deployment considerations• Administrative / jurisdictional hurdles• Vendor / procurement difficulties• Education needs: pedestrians, motorists
31
![Page 32: Pedestrian Safety Countermeasures Deployment and ... · Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes 22. Measures of Effectiveness / Statistical Tests • Pedestrian](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/5f7566576ac70b2c9f6d5e94/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Acknowledgments
• US Dept of Transp., Federal Highway Admin • Nevada Dept of Transportation• Nevada Office of Traffic Safety• Regional Transp Commission of So. Nevada • Clark County, Nevada• City of Las Vegas• UNLV TRC: students, staff
32