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Peopling of the USAPeopling of the USA
• From 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuriesFrom 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuries
• Immigration in comparative perspectiveImmigration in comparative perspective
• Slavery and the growth of the black population Slavery and the growth of the black population
• Birth transition, boom and bustBirth transition, boom and bust
• Life Expectancy, trends and differentialsLife Expectancy, trends and differentials
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mill
ion
s--l
og
sca
le
USA Total Population & Immigrants 1790-2000year
totpop immig
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
.1
1
10
100
300
3.95.3
..
..
23.3.
..
. 76.1 . 106.5 . 132.1 . 180.7 . 227.7 . 281.4
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The flood of European immigrants to The flood of European immigrants to the Americas, 1870 - 1920the Americas, 1870 - 1920
Total Population (millions)Total Population (millions) Foreign-born (%)Foreign-born (%) countrycountry 18701870 18901890 19201920 18701870 18901890 19201920 Argentina 2Argentina 2 4 4 8 8 1212 2525 2323
BrazilBrazil 10 10 1414 31 31 4 4 5 5 5 5U.S.A.U.S.A. 40 40 6363 107107 1414 1515 1313CanadaCanada 4 4 5 5 9 9 1616 1313 2222
• Reported immigration for these countries: Reported immigration for these countries: 40 million (1870-1920)40 million (1870-1920)
• Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada 12%, USA 65%12%, USA 65%
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Forces behind Emigration from Europe: Forces behind Emigration from Europe: Interconnection between industrial and Interconnection between industrial and
demographic revolutionsdemographic revolutions
• High rates of natural increaseHigh rates of natural increase
• Income gap between home and destinationIncome gap between home and destination
• Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”)Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”)
• Emigration cycles driven by economic and Emigration cycles driven by economic and demographic forcesdemographic forces
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TotalTotal USAUSA Brazil Brazil
1451-15991451-1599 300 300 00 50 50
1600-1600- 1,3001,300 00 600 600
1700-1700- 6,1006,100 350 350 1,9001,900
1800-18651800-1865 1,9001,900 50 50 1,1001,100
TotalTotal 9,6009,600 400 3,650 400 3,650
Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1865,1451-1865, 9.6 million) 9.6 million)
(P.D. Curtin, (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade))
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Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1600, beginning 1451-1600, beginning (1/4 million)(1/4 million)
(P.D. Curtin, (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade))
5050
7575
5050
100100
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17th century slave traffic: Brazil17th century slave traffic: Brazil (600 thousand) was main destination (600 thousand) was main destination
(of 1.3 million total(of 1.3 million total))
2525300300
600600
250250
5050 150150
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18th c., the height of the slave trade:18th c., the height of the slave trade: Brazil 33%, French 23, British 23, Spanish Brazil 33%, French 23, British 23, Spanish 10, Dutch 7, N. America 6% of 6.1 m. total10, Dutch 7, N. America 6% of 6.1 m. total
350350
600600 1,4001,400
1,4001,400
1,9001,900450450
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19th c. (1801-1865): Brazil (6/10) and 19th c. (1801-1865): Brazil (6/10) and Cuba (1/3) are principal destinations for Cuba (1/3) are principal destinations for
almost 2 million slaves almost 2 million slaves
5050
600600 100100
1,1001,100
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Slavery and “Race” in Brazil Slavery and “Race” in Brazil and USAand USA
• The demographic paradox of slavery in the AmericasThe demographic paradox of slavery in the Americas– US: low imports, high reproduction US: low imports, high reproduction – Brazil: high imports, low reproduction Brazil: high imports, low reproduction
Brazil Brazil U.S.A.U.S.A.1492-1856 slave trade (millions) 1492-1856 slave trade (millions) 3.33.3 0.4 0.41870 Black population (m)1870 Black population (m) 66 101019801980 " " "" " " 54 54 2626• Slavery at peak: Slavery at peak:
– USA 19% of total population (1790) USA 19% of total population (1790) – 50% in Brazil, 1872.50% in Brazil, 1872.
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Brazilian Population (millions) by Brazilian Population (millions) by “Race”: The “mulatto escape hatch”“Race”: The “mulatto escape hatch”
YearYear “Whites”“Whites” “Mulattoes”“Mulattoes” “Blacks”“Blacks” Total Total
18721872 4 4 4 4 22 10 10
18901890 6 6 6 6 22 14 14
19401940 2626 9 9 66 41 41
19801980 5454 3939 66 119 119
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yea
rs
USA Life Expectancy: Whites and Blacksyear
e0mwhite e0fwhite e0mblack e0fblack
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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cru
de
ra
te
USA Crude Birth Rate: Whites and Blacksyear
cbrwhite cbrblack
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
55 ..
..
43.
..
.30 .
.
20.
23 .
.16 .
.
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EndEnd