Performance Evaluation of Routing Algorithms in Wireless
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Itrat Rasool Quadri
ST ID 220248
COE-543
Wireless and Mobile Networks
Table of Contents Introduction MANET Routing Protocols
– DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) – DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) – AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) – ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) – TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) – STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)
Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation
Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Real Environment Effect of Mobility and Workload Performance Comparisons Case Studies Related Work Future Work
Conclusion
DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol Each Routing Table List all
destinations and number of hops to each
Each Route is tagged with a sequence number originated by destination
Updates are transmitted periodically and when there is any significant topology change
Routing information is transmitted by broadcast
DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)
Features:- On Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocol- Source Routing
DSR is based on two mechanisms Route Discovery:
- Route Request- Route Reply
Route Maintenance: - Route Error
Each node maintains Route Cache
Route DiscoveryA sends E a message
Lookup Route Cache for route A - E
Route found
?
Start Route Discovery Protocol
Continue normal
processing
Route Discovery finished
Packet buffere
d?Send packet to first host in headerdone
Buffer packet
no
Write route in packet header
yes
yes
no
wait
When any host receives a route request
Accept route request packet
<init, id> in list of
recently seen requests?
Discard route
request
yes
no
Host’s address
already in route
record
Discard route
request
yes
Store <init,id> in list
Broadcast packet
Send route reply packet
done
myAddr=targe
t
noAppend myAddr to
route recordno
yes
AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)
Pure on-demand protocolNode does not need to maintain knowledge
of another node unless it communicates with it
Broadcast discovery packets only when necessary
Distinguish between local connectivity and general topology maintenance
To disseminate Information about changes in local connectivity to those neighboring nodes that are likely to need it
AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)
ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol)
Hybrid Protocol – combines advantages of Reactive & Proactive Protocols
Proactively maintains information within a local zone
Reactively routes to out-of-zone nodesAdjustable range of nodes
ZRP Example
A
B
C
DE
F
G H
1 Hop
2 Hops
Multi Hops
TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)
On demand, source initiated routing Distributed in that nodes only maintain
one hop knowledgeProvides multiple routes to alleviate
congestion Creates loop free routes Handles partitions by erasing invalid
routes.
TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)
Algorithm Overview– Route Creation: establish sequence of directed
links from source to destination. this is done by forming destination oriented DAG
– Route Maintenance: Reaction to topology changes in order to reestablish routes
– Route Erasure: When a partition is detected in the network, all invalid routes must be removed from the network. this is done by making directed routes undirected
STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)
Routers in star communicate their source routing trees to their neighbors either incrementally or in atomic updates
It performs efficient routing in packet radio networks using link-state information.
STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)
Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation
Environmental Factors Size or shape of simulation area: This factor, for its size, can be related to the
node density. If area shape is more rectangular, it leads to longer routes
Radio
Radio transmission range in meters
Bandwidth in kBytes/second
MAC Protocol
Data Flow Buffers in packets
Packet size in bytes
Traffic type
Mobility Model Mobility, effects almost all of the outcomes, especially the protocol accuracy
Effect of Mobility and Workload End-to-end Delay End-to-end Throughput Control Packets Overhead Successful Packet Delivery Path Optimality Energy Consumption Successful Packet Delivery End-to-end Delay End-to-end Throughput Control Packets Overhead Path Optimality
Power Consumption
DSDV Performance Comparison
DSR Performance
AODV Performance
ZRP Performance
Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols
Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols
Case Studies
Related Work
PRNet (Packet Radio Network) ARP SSA (Signal Stability Based Adaptive)
ABR (Associativity Based Routing Routing)
Future Work
DSDVAODVZRPTORA
Conclusion
Quick route maintenancePower awareness (AODV)Processing (DSDV, TORA)Control Messages (TORA, DSR)Load Distribution (AODV)Choice for networks (AODV, DSDV)