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Performance of Tall Buildings During the 2/27/2010 Chile Magnitude 8.8 Earthquake-- A Preliminary Briefing --
Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council
Cosponsored by:
USC Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
EERI Southern California Chapter
USC EERI/SCEC Student Chapter
Structural Engineers Association of Southern California
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Reconnaissance Team Members
• Dr. Lauren Carpenter
• Dr. Marshall Lew
• Dr. Farzad Naeim
• Mr. Fabian Rojas
• Mr. Nabih Youssef
• Dr. Macarena Schachter Adaros
With special thanks to Prof. Saragoni of University of Chile
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AGENDA
1. INTRODUCTION Farzad Naeim, John A. Martin & Associates
2. SEISMICITY AND GEOTECTONICS Marshall Lew, MACTEC
3. STANDARD OF PRACTICE FOR
TALL BUILDINGS IN CHILE Fabian Rojas, USC
4. PERFORMANCE OF TALL BUILDINGS
a. SANTIAGO Farzad Naeim, John A. Martin & Associates
b. VIÑA DEL MAR Lauren Carpenter, WHL
c. CONCEPCIÓN Fabian Rojas, USC
d. SAN PEDRO Nabih Youssef, NYA
5. CONCLUSIONS &
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS Farzad Naeim (moderator)
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Agenda
• A brief review of the earthquake
• General observations on performance of tall buildings.
• The dilemma of being an structural engineer in Chile.
• A look at performance of a number of tall buildings
• Concluding remarks
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95 km (60 miles) NW of Chillan105 km (65 miles) NNE of Concepcion115 km (70 miles) WSW of Talca335 km (210 miles) SW of SANTIAGO
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Where was it felt?
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Instrumental Intensity
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Estimated Peak Ground Accelerations (m/sec2)
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GPS Data
for South
America
Concepción
moved ~10
feet west
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Ground motions in Santiago
at Universidad de Chile
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Ground motions in Santiago
at Maipu
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Ground motions in Santiago
at Marga-Marga, Viña del Mar
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GPS Data from Concepcion
25 seconds
2.6 m
0.7 m
( ) ( ) ftm 97.27.06.222
≈=+
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General observations on
performance of tall buildings• Chile is not a developing country
• Building codes in Chile are substantially the same as U.S. codes (ACI 318) with some exceptions
• Santiago skyline is filled with smart buildings and technologies equal to if not surpassing those in major cities of U.S.
• Less than 2.5% of engineered structures in Chile suffered damage
• Out of ≈400 casualties, less than 20 died in engineered structures
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Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings - Nch 433 of 96
• Basic Principles and Philosophy of the code:
- Establishment of the minimal requirements for the seismic designof buildings.
- Seismic Safety: (Provision 5.1)
a. Resist moderate intensity seismic actions without damages
b. Limit damage to non-structural elements during earthquakes of regular intensity
c. Prevent Collapse during earthquakes of exceptionally severe intensity, even though they show some damage
“In particular, the provisions for reinforced concrete wall buildings, are based on their satisfactory behavior during the earthquake of March, 1985. The design of those buildings was performed in accordance with the NCh433 of 72 code” (Provision 5.1.1)
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Overview - Nch 433 of 96 • Seismic Zoning: (Provision 4.1)
- Three seismic zones in the national territory can be distinguished
Seismic Zone Ao
1 0.2 g
2 0.3 g
3 0.4 g
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Overview - Nch 433 of 96
• Method of Analysis allowed by the code: ( Provision 6.1 )
Two types of analysis are allowed by the code:
- Static method
- Spectral Modal Analysis
In any case should be considered a structural model with a minimum of three degrees of freedom per floor, two horizontal displacements and the floor rotation with respect to a vertical axis.
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Overview - Nch 433 of 96
Important dispositions of the Code
“In particular, the provisions for reinforced concrete wall buildings, are based on their satisfactory behavior during the earthquake of March, 1985. The design of those buildings was performed in accordance with the NCh433 of 72 code” (Provision 5.1.1)
Provision B.2: “The Provisions of the Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, ACI318-95, shall be used. In particular, the structural elements that form part of reinforced concrete frames intended to resist seismic loadings, must be dimensioned and detailed according to the provisions for zones of high seismic risk, located in chapter 21 of said code.”
Provision B.2.2: “When designing reinforced concrete wall it is not necessary to meet the provisions of paragraphs 21.6.6.1 through 21.6.6.4 of the ACI318-95.”
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Characteristics of Chilean’s Buildings 19 Stories + 3 Basement
19 Stories + 3 Basement.
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Characteristics of Chilean’s Buildings
19 Stories + 3 Basement.
25 Stories + 5 Basement
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Characteristics of Chilean’s Buildings
31 Stories + 5 Basement.
19 Stories + 7 Basement.
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Characteristics of Chilean’s Buildings
15 Stories + 3 Basement.
25 Stories + 9 Basement.
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Performance of Chilean’s BuildingsFrom a study made by Rene Lagos on basis of building permit statistics from the National Institute of Statistics of Chile
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How did Buildings Perform?
Estimation made by Rene Lagos
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Santiago
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Titanium Tower
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Parque Araucano
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Echeverria Izquierdo
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Central Park
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From Del Sol Bldg.
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Emerald
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Damage in
Vina Del Mar
You had to hunt for it
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Edificio Toledo
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Damage in
Concepcion
Did not have to hunt for it
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The dilemma of being an structural
engineer in Chile
• Of course there were damages and collapses as
we saw
• However, the expectation of general public was
totally unrealistic
• They thought they were sold lemons
• Structural engineers and contractors were
blamed as cheaters and incompetents
• Let me give you an example in Concepcion.
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Photos and comments from Mr. Francisco
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Comments from Mr. Francisco
Hello Mr. Farzad,
In attachment I am sending you pictures of some deteriorated buildings of Concepción.
The 303-304-305 y 594 pictures correspond to the building you were looking at called "obispo salas " and located on Salas street # 445, which you couldn´t take pictures due to the veil they put on to mask the situation and to be able to make up the building.
Wouldn´t you say it´s irresponsible to fix this building and not destroy it?What is your opinion?
Thanks a lot, let´s keep in touch.
Francisco.
Tourism Business Manager.
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Reasons for SE’s Dilemma in Chile• Building code objectives are the same as in the USA and stated
as such in the code.
• The government, however, has declared by the force of law that engineered buildings in Chile must be earthquake proof.
• Damage = Building is not earthquake Proof = Owner is cheated
• By law, builders must compensate condo and building owners for any earthquake damages occurring within 10 years of construction
• Most builders are offering condo owners with three options:– Reimbursement of their purchase money– Choice of another condo in one of their developments– Repair and cost of temporary relocation
• There are a few takers, however.
• Most condo owners demand demolishing of the building and construction of a new, earthquake-proof one.
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Contributing Factors
• Chile adopted ACI 318 with a few exceptions:
– Requirement for confined boundary elements at wall ends, and
– Requirement for ductile detailing
• Thin walls (7” and 8” thick typical) supporting tall buildings
• Heavy compression on the walls causing reduced ductility in best of circumstances
• Lack of cross ties
• Lack of seismic hooks (engineers swear that they specified them, we saw very few)
• Lack of confinement at wall ends
• Most typical failure was compression-flexure failure of walls
• Shear failure was secondary and not common at all
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Thank you!