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Periodic Trends• We will explain observed trends in
Atomic (and Ionic) Radius
Ionization Eenergy
Electronegativity
size
lose e–
attract e–
nuclear charge & shieldingexplained by:
(protons) & (levels)
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inner e– levels block nuclear charge
down a group
Nuclear Charge & Shielding
shielding:
nuclear charge: protons(+) attracting e–’s(–)
+3
+11
+10
+18
Li across a period
Na
Ne
Ar
What happens to atomic radius?
decreases
increases
WHY?
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Atomic Radius
-more levels of
shielding(less
attraction)
increases d
ow
n g
rou
p
-more nuclear charge(more attraction)
decreases across period
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Cations from metals:e–’s removedpositive (+) chargesmallerouter shell lost
Anions from nonmetals:e–’s addednegative (–) charge largermore e– repulsions
Ions & Ionic Radius
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decreases d
ow
n a g
rou
p
-more levels of
shielding(less
attraction)
-more nuclear charge(more attraction)
increases across period
Ionization Energy (IE):•energy required to remove an e– +
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Electronegativity (EN) Trends • atom’s ability to attract bonded electrons
decreases d
ow
n g
rou
pincreases across period
-more levels of
shielding(less
attraction)
-more nuclear charge(more attraction)
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Periodic Trends (Summary)
so…Atomic Radius __________
so…E
lectron
egativity _________
so…Ionization Energy _________
so…Electronegativity _________
so…Io
nizatio
n E
nerg
y _________
so…A
tom
ic Rad
ius __________
nuclear chargeshielding
All explained by ATTRACTION:
ATTRACTION INcreases AT
TR
AC
TIO
N D
Ecreases
decreases
increases
increases
decreases
decreases
increases
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1. Atoms get ________ down a ________.
A. bigger, period
B. smaller, group
C. bigger, group
D. smaller, period
Quick Quiz!
WHY?
more energy levelsmore shieldingless attraction
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2. Atomic radii _________ across a period?
A. atoms get bigger
B. atoms get smaller
C. atoms stay the same size
D. atoms
WHY?
more protonsmore nuclear charge
more attraction
Quick Quiz.
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3. Which of the following correctly orders atomic size from largest to smallest?
A. F > Cl > Br
B. Li > Na > K
C. F > N > B
D. Mg > Al > S
Quick Quiz.
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4. Metals tend to ________ electrons to form _________ cations.
A. gain, positive
B. gain, negative
C. lose, negative
D. lose, positive
Quick Quiz.
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5. As you go across period 3 from Mg to Cl, the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom ______________.
A. generally increases
B. generally decreases
C. does not change
D. varies unpredictably.
Quick Quiz.
WHY?
more protonsmore nuclear charge
more attraction(same energy level/shielding)
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6. Which of the following is the most electronegative?
A. Cl
B. Se
C. Na
D. I
Quick Quiz.
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7. The noble gases have _____________.
A. high ionization energies.
B. high electronegativities.
C. large atomic radii.
D. a tendency to form both cations and anions.
Quick Quiz.
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8. Alkali metals have lower ionization energies than halogens because _______________.
A. alkali metals are smaller with more protons.
B. halogens are larger with more protons.
C. alkali metals are larger with lower nuclear charges.
D. halogens are smaller with fewer protons.
Quick Quiz.
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9. Fluorine is the most electronegative halogen because it is ___________________.
A. larger with more energy levels (shielding)
B. smaller with more energy levels (shielding)
C. smaller with fewer energy levels (shielding)
D. larger with fewer energy levels (shielding)
Quick Quiz.