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PeriodicityPeriodicity
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Periodic PropertiesPeriodic Properties
Also called periodicityAlso called periodicity
Properties associated with the periodic Properties associated with the periodic tabletable
Repetitious over the tableRepetitious over the table
Have a pattern across the table associated Have a pattern across the table associated with themwith them
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Effective Nuclear ChargeEffective Nuclear Charge
(Zeff)(Zeff)
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+Z
INNER SHELL OR CORE ELECTRONS
OUTER SHELL OR VALENCE ELECTRONS
OUTERMOST s ELECTRONSPARTIALLY FILLED SUBLEVELS
FOR MAIN GROUP ..... THE ns AND np ELECTRONSFOR MAIN GROUP ..... THE GROUP NUMBER
PERIODICITY OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES RESULT FROM PERIODICITY OF VALENCE ELECTRONS
FILLED ORBITALS
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Be
+4
VALENCE ELECTRONS
DO NOT EXPERIENCE FULL POSITIVE CHARGE
ARE SHEILDED
Zeff = Z -
EnZeff
n
2
1 A / 1 1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
En
INCREASE
INC
ORBITAL E LOWERIN ATOMS WITH
HIGH Zeff
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Periodic PropertiesPeriodic Properties
1. Ionization Energy1. Ionization Energy
2. Atomic Radius2. Atomic Radius
3. Electron Affinity3. Electron Affinity
4. Electronegativity4. Electronegativity
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Ionization EnergyIonization Energy
Energy required to remove an electron Energy required to remove an electron from an atomfrom an atom
If removing valence electrons: 1If removing valence electrons: 1stst ionization energyionization energy
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IONIZATION ENERGY
E REQUIRED TO REMOVE THE OUTERMOST ELECTRONFROM AN ATOM OR ION IN ITS GASEOUS STATE
11 eAenergyA
EnZeff
n
2
1 A / 1 1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
Zeff
INCREASEn
IE
DEC
INCREASE
IE1 < IE2 < IE3, ETC
LOWER IE: MORE EASILY ATOM FORMS CATIONSMORE METALLIC CHARACTER FOR ELEMENT
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Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius
Size of the radius of the atomSize of the radius of the atom
Comparison vs. Ionic radiusComparison vs. Ionic radius– Metals: AR is greater than IR (loss of e-)Metals: AR is greater than IR (loss of e-)– Non-metals: IR is greater than AR (gain of e-)Non-metals: IR is greater than AR (gain of e-)
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ATOMIC RADII
DEFINED BY SIZE OF OUTERMOST ORBITALS
rn
Zeff
2 1 A / 1
1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
Zeff
INCREASEn
r
INC
DECREASE
o
o
o
oo o o o o o o CATION < ATOM
ANION > ATOM
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Electron AffinityElectron Affinity
Tendency of a non-bonded atom to attract Tendency of a non-bonded atom to attract electrons to itselfelectrons to itself
Non-metals have higher electron affinities Non-metals have higher electron affinities because of their valence electronsbecause of their valence electrons
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ElectonegativityElectonegativity
Tendency of elements who are bonded to Tendency of elements who are bonded to attract electrons to themselvesattract electrons to themselves
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ELECTRONEGATIVITYA MEASURE OF THE POWER OF AN ATOM TO
ATTRACT ELECTRONS TO ITSELF
EnZeff
n
2
HIGH , LARGE Zeff, LOW n UNFILLED ORBITAL ....NON-METALS
1 A / 1 1H
1 . 0 0 8
2
2 A
1 3
3 A
1 4
4 A
1 5
5 A
1 6
6 A
1 7
7 A
2H e
4 . 0 0 3
3L i
6 . 9 4 1
4B e
9 . 0 1 2
5B
1 0 . 8 1
6C
1 2 . 0 1
7N
1 4 . 0 1
8O
1 6 . 0 0
9F
1 9 . 0 0
1 0N e
2 0 . 1 8
1 1N a
2 2 . 9 9
1 2M g
2 4 . 3 1
3
3 B
4
4 B
5
5 B
6
6 B
7
7 B
8 9
8 B
1 0 1 1
1 B
1 2
2 B
1 3A l
2 6 . 9 8
1 4S i
2 8 . 0 9
1 5P
3 0 . 9 7
1 6S
3 2 . 0 7
1 7C l
3 5 . 4 5
1 8A r
3 9 . 9 5
1 9K
3 9 . 1 0
2 0C a
4 0 . 0 8
2 1S c
4 4 . 9 6
2 2T i
4 7 . 8 8
2 3V
5 0 . 9 4
2 4C r
5 2 . 0 0
2 5M n
5 4 . 9 4
2 6F e
5 5 . 8 5
2 7C o
5 8 . 9 3
2 8N i
5 8 . 6 9
2 9C u
6 3 . 5 5
3 0Z n
6 5 . 3 9
3 1G a
6 9 . 7 2
3 2G e
7 2 . 6 1
3 3A s
7 4 . 9 2
3 4S e
7 8 . 9 6
3 5B r
7 9 . 9 0
3 6K r
8 3 . 8 0
3 7R b
8 5 . 4 7
3 8S r
8 7 . 6 2
3 9Y
8 8 . 9 1
4 0Z r
9 1 . 2 2
4 1N b
9 2 . 9 1
4 2M o
9 5 . 9 4
4 3T c( 9 8 )
4 4R u
1 0 1 . 1
4 5R h
1 0 2 . 9
4 6P d
1 0 6 . 4
4 7A g
1 0 7 . 9
4 8C d
1 1 2 . 4
4 9I n
1 1 4 . 8
5 0S n
1 1 8 . 7
5 1S b
1 2 1 . 8
5 2T e
1 2 7 . 6
5 3I
1 2 6 . 9
5 4X e
1 3 1 . 3
5 5C s
1 3 2 . 9
5 6B a
1 3 7 . 3
5 7L a
1 3 8 . 9
7 2H f
1 7 8 . 5
7 3T a
1 8 1 . 0
7 4W
1 8 3 . 8
7 5R e
1 8 6 . 2
7 6O s
1 9 0 . 2
7 7I r
1 9 2 . 2
7 8P t
1 9 5 . 1
7 9A u
1 9 7 . 0
8 0H g
2 0 0 . 6
8 1T l
2 0 4 . 4
8 2P b
2 0 7 . 2
8 3B i
2 0 9 . 0
8 4P o
( 2 0 9 )
8 5A t
( 2 1 0 )
8 6R n
( 2 2 2 )
8 7F r
( 2 2 3 )
8 8R a
2 2 6 . 0
8 9A c
2 2 7 . 0
1 0 4R f
( 2 6 1 )
1 0 5D b
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 6S g
( 2 6 3 )
1 0 7B h
( 2 6 2 )
1 0 8H s
( 2 6 5 )
1 0 9M t
( 2 6 6 )
1 1 1U u n( 2 6 9 )
1 1 2U u u( 2 7 2 )
5 8C e
1 4 0 . 1
5 9P r
1 4 0 . 9
6 0N d
1 4 4 . 2
6 1P m
( 1 4 5 )
6 2S m
1 5 0 . 4
6 3E u
1 5 2 . 0
6 4G d
1 5 7 . 3
6 5T b
1 5 8 . 9
6 6D y
1 6 2 . 5
6 7H o
1 6 4 . 9
6 8E r
1 6 7 . 3
6 9T m
1 6 8 . 9
7 0Y b
1 7 3 . 0
7 1L u
1 7 5 . 0
9 0T h
2 3 2 . 0
9 1P a
2 3 1 . 0
9 2U
2 3 8 . 0
9 3N p
2 3 7 . 0
9 4P u
( 2 4 4 )
9 5A m
( 2 4 3 )
9 6C m
( 2 4 7 )
9 7B k
( 2 4 7 )
9 8C f
( 2 5 1 )
9 9E s
( 2 5 2 )
1 0 0F m
( 2 5 7 )
1 0 1M d
( 2 5 8 )
1 0 2N o
( 2 5 9 )
1 0 3L r
( 2 6 0 )
Zeff
INCREASEn
INCREASE
DEC
HIGH :MORE EASILY ATOM FORMS ANIONS
MORE NON-METALLIC CHARACTER TO ELEMENT
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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
MAGNETIC FIELDS CAUSED BY SPINNING ELECTRONS
DIAMAGNETIC:
PARAMAGNETIC:
NO UNPAIRED ELECTRONS
NO ATTRACTION TO APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD
UNPAIRED ELECTRONS
ATTRACTED TO APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD
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ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING IN INCREASING ORDER:
Si, P, SATOMIC RADIUSIONIZATION ENERGYELECTRONEGATIVITY
< << << <
Na, K, ClATOMIC RADIUSIONIZATION ENERGYELECTRONEGATIVITY
< << << <
Cs, Fe, SATOMIC RADIUSIONIZATION ENERGYELECTRONEGATIVITY
< << << <
S P SiSi P SSi P S
Cl Na KK Na ClK Na Cl
S Fe CsCs Fe SCs Fe S
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ENERGY A
B
C
ARRANGE IN ORDER OF:
INCREASING IONIZATION ENERGY
DECREASING ELECTRONEGATIVITY
WHICH IS DIAMAGNETIC AND WHICH IS PARAMAGNETIC?
C IS PARAMAGNETIC
C < A < B
C > A > B