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Persian Kings550 – 530: Cyrus the Great530 – 522: Cambyses
Son of Cyrus – but nothing of his caliber
Cambyses of Persia capturing Pharaoh Psammetichus III (from Persian seal, 6th Century b.c.
Mentioned in Ezra 4:6 by throne name Xerxes
Temple construction remained stalled during his reign
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530 – 522: Cambyses
530: Assassinated his brother Smerdis
525: Attacked Egypt – took Memphis
(Egypt remained under Persian control until Alexander)
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530 – 522: Cambyses
530: Assassinated his brother Smerdis
525: Attacked Egypt – took Memphis
524-522: Three disastrous campaigns
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530 – 522: Cambyses
530: Assassinated his brother Smerdis
525: Attacked Egypt – took Memphis
524-522: Three disastrous campaigns
522: Cambyses outraged the Egyptians killing the Apis Bull
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The Apis Bull of the Egyptians, one of their most sacred objects of worship
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530 – 522: Cambyses
530: Assassinated his brother Smerdis
525: Attacked Egypt – took Memphis
524-522: Three disastrous campaigns
522: Cambyses outraged the Egyptians killing the Apis Bull
Commited suicide returning home – following coup in Ecbatana
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Persian Kings550 – 530: Cyrus the Great
530 – 522: Cambyses
522: Pseudo-Smerdis
Gaumata was a Mede, a Magi, and pretended to be Smerdis
Killed in conspiracy led by Darius, a military commander
Gaumata (throne name: Artaxerxes (Ezra 4:7-24)), keeps temple construction at standstill
Hoped to reinstate Median religion and dominance
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Persian Kings550 – 530: Cyrus the Great
530 – 522: Cambyses
522: Pseudo-Smerdis
522 – 486: Darius the Great
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Darius the Great (521 – 486)Brilliant consolidator of the Persian Empire
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Darius the Great (521 – 486)Brilliant consolidator of the Persian Empire
Reinstated Persian mono-theistic religion
Faravahar (or Ferohar), one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a Fravashi (guardian spirit)
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Darius the Great (521 – 486)Brilliant consolidator of the Persian Empire
Reinstated Persian mono-theistic religion
Established universal currency – the Daric
Gold darics such as this one (with a purity of 95.83%) were only issued by the king himself.
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Darius the Great (521 – 486)Brilliant consolidator of the Persian Empire
Reinstated Persian mono-theistic religion
Established universal currency – the Daric
Undertook expansive building projects in Persepolis and elsewhere
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The ruins of Persepolis. In the foreground is the treasure house, right behind the
Palace of Darius.
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Persepolis ruins
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Darius the Great (521 – 486)521 – 515: Put down minor revolts after Cambyses
520: Reauthorizes the temple project (Ezr. 5:3 – 6:12)
Haggai encouraged the people to work (520)
Zechariah preached his “night visions” (519)
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1) Four Horses (1:7-17): The world was at peace under Darius
2) Four Horns (1:18-21): Disruptive powers now under control
3) Measuring Line (2:1-13): Jerusalem protected though unwalled
4) Priest Joshua (3): High Priest purified for his duties
Zechariah’s Night Visions
5) Zerubbabel (4): Zerubbabel told “not by might…but by my spirit”
6) Flying Scroll (5:1-4): A judgment intended to purge the land
7) Wicked Woman (5:5-11): Symbolized by wickedness banished
8) Four Chariots (6:1-8): Call God’s people from all places to return
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Darius the Great (521 – 486)521 – 515: Putting down minor revolts after Cambyses
520: Darius reauthorizes the temple project (Ezr. 5:3 – 6:12)
Haggai encouraged the people to work (520)
Zechariah preached his “night visions” (519)
516: Second Temple is completed (Ezra 6:13 – 22)
514: Darius Launched his western campaign
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514-512: Darius consolidates control of Asia Minor
510-500: Darius largely taken with building projects in his major cities
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514-512: Darius consolidates control of Asia Minor
510-500: Darius largely taken with building projects in his major cities
498: Athenians sack Sardis – and provoke Ionian rebellion
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514-512: Darius consolidates control of Asia Minor
510-500: Darius largely taken with building projects in his major cities
498: Athenians sack Sardis – and provoke Ionian rebellion
494: Darius puts down the Ionian rebellion
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514-512: Darius consolidates control of Asia Minor
510-500: Darius largely taken with building projects in his major cities
498: Athenians sack Sardis – and provoke Ionian rebellion
494: Darius puts down the Ionian rebellion
490: Darius defeated at the famous Battle of Marathon
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Tomb of Darius the Great (d. 486 b.c); located next to other Achaemenian kings at Naqsh-e Rustam