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Newcastle division
Engineering studies
Personal & Public Transport 1 June 2015
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Electric transportation systems
• Electric transport: – Rail:
• DC • AC • Linear motor propelled maglev
– Road: • Electric vehicles
– Vertical transportation
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Electric transportation systems
• Comparison of DC and AC Rail Systems: – DC powered rail:
• Older systems DC • DC motor torque and speed controllable with technology
available at the time • Electronic inverters now allow us to control torque and speed of
AC motors • Modern trains on DC systems convert the DC to variable
frequency AC • DC system causes electrolysis and corrosion on neighbouring
systems and structures • Rail must be insulated from earth • More substations required
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Electric transportation systems
• Comparison of DC and AC Rail Systems: – AC Powered Rail:
• AC system does not require a separate AC feeder • AC motors require less maintenance (squirrel cage induction
motors do not have brushgear) • As AC system uses single phase, unbalance occurs on the
three phase system requiring compensation • AC locomotive has improved adhesion to the rail – AC
locomotives have greater tractive effort than a DC locomotive of twice the weight
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Electric transportation systems
• Comparison of DC and AC Rail Systems: – Voltages:
• DC: – 1.5 kV (as in Sydney and Melbourne) – 3 kV
• AC: – 25 kV (as in Brisbane) – 50 kV (as in northern Queensland)
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Electric transportation systems
• DC railway
AC Feeders
Substations DC Supply/ Feeders
Rolling Stock
Structures/ OHW
Transformer Rectifier DCCB
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Electric transportation systems
66 kV Feeder (traction)
11 kV Feeder (signalling)
Overhead earth wire
Conductors
Insulators
Cross arms
Guys
Earth bonding
Pole
AC Feeders
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Electric transportation systems
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Electric transportation systems
• DC Overhead Wiring
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Electric transportation systems
• DC Third Rail
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Electric transportation systems
• DC Fouth Rail (London Underground)
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Electric transportation systems
• AC Overhead Wiring
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Electric transportation systems
• AC Overhead Wiring
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Electric transportation systems
• AC Overhead Wiring
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Electric transportation systems
• AC Locomotive
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Electric transportation systems
• AC Locomotive
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Electric transportation systems
• Traction motor comparison
DC Motor - Brushgear
AC Motor – no Brushgear
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Electric transportation systems
• Motor speed control (DC): – Speed is controlled by varying the motor voltage – Direction is reversed by changing polarity of the
field coils Modern DC motor speed controlled by controlling motor voltage with an electronic DC – DC converter
Older method
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Electric transportation systems
• Motor speed control (AC): – Speed is controlled by varying the motor frequency and
voltage – Direction is reversed by changing two phases of the
three phase motors
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Electric transportation systems
• Motor speed control: – The speed of an electric motor is controlled by
comparing the actual speed with the requiring speed and using the difference between these to correct the speed
C
onve
rtor
Motor
Tacho
Power Supply
Comparator
+
-
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Personal and Public Transport
• Magnetic Levitated Train (Maglev Train): – Motor for maglev trains is embedded in the track – Track creates a traveling magnetic field beneath the train, which
lifts the cars and propels them at 450-plus kph – Train's on-board systems are powered by induction from the track – Only the section of track under the train is energized
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Personal and Public Transport
• Maglev Train
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Personal and Public Transport
• Electric Vehicle: – Hybrid (battery + internal combustion engine):
• Extended range • Still needs fuel
– Electric (battery only): • Limited range • No fuel needed • Requires external changing
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Personal and Public Transport
• Electric Vehicle:
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Personal and Public Transport
• Electric Vehicle: Motor control
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Personal and Public Transport
• Electric Vehicle Motors: – Most EVs use permanent magnet motors:
• Better efficiency over a wider speed range • Precise speed control • Less losses (loss from rotor bars in induction machine) • Overall a more power-dense (i.e. smaller) efficient motor
– Move back to induction motors however: • Availability of rare earths for the magnets
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Personal and Public Transport
• Electric Vehicle Motors:
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Personal and Public Transport
• Electric Vehicle Motors:
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Personal and Public Transport
• Vertical transportation: – Elevators – Escalators – Moving walkways
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Personal and Public Transport
• Vertical transportation: – The elevator:
• Design approach: – Past experience – Supplier standards – Economic considerations – Architectural considerations – Limitation of design life/ maintenance periods
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Personal and Public Transport
• Vertical transportation: – The elevator:
• Today modelling applied: – Establish traffic patterns – Determination of peak passenger demand – Mathematical modelling
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Personal and Public Transport
• Vertical transportation: – The elevator:
• Mathematical modelling: » Round trip time (RTT) dependent upon
» Capacity factor » Passenger loading and unloading times » Average number of stops » Door opening and closing times and transit time » Etc
» Modelling then based on expected distribution of passengers
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Personal and Public Transport
• Vertical transportation: – The elevator drive:
• Traction: – Upfront costs higher
• Hydraulic: – Energy costs higher
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Electrical Safety
• All of these vehicles use lethal voltages • Only trained personnel are to work on them • Remember the usual safety hazards of
machinery: – Stored energy in:
• Springs • Batteries and capacitors
– Risk of accidental start – Risk of falling
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Electrolysis
• In the rail environment: – The electrolyte is the moist earth with its dissolved salts – The electrodes are the rails and the buried structures
Stray current
Stray current
Buried structure (eg water pipe)
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Electrolysis
• The structure (in this case a copper pipe) will erode at the point where the current leaves the structure
36
Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e- Stray current
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Electrolysis
Stainless Steel Earth rod
Concrete Power Pole
33kv Cable
Copper Pipe
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Electrolysis
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Electrolysis Texas Gas Explosion
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