Download - Pest Management - discover.pbcgov.org
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Pest Management
There are many other types of pests.
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Pest Management Topics-Part 1-
• Important terms
• The 6 Principles of IPM
o Prevention
o Scouting
o Management Guidelines
o Numerous tools
o Evaluation
o Record keeping
• Limiting pesticide use
• Pesticide Resistance
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Terms to Know• IPM
• IPM Toolbox
• Disease Triangle
• Cultural
• Mechanical
• Biological
• Chemical
• Pesticide
• Pest
• Reduced Risk Pesticide
• Beneficials– Natural enemies
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Terms: IPM• Integrated Pest Management
• Strategy combining a series of coordinated, cost-effective pest management methods to suppress pests below a defined aesthetic or economic threshold while having minimal impacts on non-target organisms and the environment.
– Using all tools and options to reduce the use of pesticides.
• IPM varies according to geographic region & crop.
• Always scientifically-based.
• The goal is to prevent or delay pest issues.
• Pesticides regarded as critical toolbox component.– The last line of defense against pests.
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Terms: IPM Toolbox• All tools available to manage pests.
• Includes the following tools:
– Genetic
– Cultural
– Mechanical
– Biological
– Chemical
– Regulatory
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Disease - Requires Three Components(all at the same time)
1. Virulent pathogen2. Susceptible host3. Conducive environment
Pest Management-Plant Disease Triangle-
How can we manipulate the components to avoid or reduce disease?
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Terms: IPM Toolbox • Cultural Tools - growing practices & conditions
to minimize the crop’s appeal to pests.
– These are BMPs or Best Management Practices
• Choosing variety for region & time of year.
• Planting at the correct depth.
• Sufficient light or shade provided.
• Proper amounts of water and nutrition.
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Terms: IPM Toolbox • Mechanical Tools – items physically used.
– Using your hands to remove pests
– A physical barrier to prevent pests
– Traps
– Heat or steam
– Cultivation
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Terms: IPM Toolbox • Biological Tools - using pest’s natural enemies.
– Beneficial organisms = Beneficials
• Predators - biologicals that feed upon the pest.
• Certain mites, beetles, bugs, wasps, spiders, etc.
• Parasites - live on or in pest.
• Certain wasps & flies
• Parasitoids - live on or in pest which is killed.
• Certain wasps & flies
• Micro-organisms – unable to be seen with the unaided human eye
• Certain fungi, nematodes, bacteria & viruses
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Natural Enemies-Beneficials-
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Entomopathogenic nematodes- Heterorhabditis, Steinernema
Predatory mites- Amblyseius, Galendromus, Neoseiulus, Phytoseiulus, Hypoaspis
Predatory insects- Chrysoperla, Cryptolaemus, Hippodamia, Dalotia, Coccinella,Orius, Delphastus, Feltiella, Podisus, Rhyzobius,Stethorus
Parasitoids- Aphelinus, Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Aphidius, Pediobius,Aphytis,Trichogramma
Fly parasites- Muscidifurax, Splangia, Nasonia
Biopesticides- Bacillus, Beauveria, Trichoderma
Natural Enemies-For $ale-
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Terms: IPM Toolbox • Chemical tool – pesticides, repellants, &
pheromones.
• Pesticides – chemical that harm/kill pests.
– Pest = organisms negatively impacting the crop.
– Named for the type of pests affected:• Insecticide, Fungicide, Herbicide, Miticide,
Rodenticide, Acaricide, Bactericide, Nematicide,
– Reduced Risk Pesticide = EPA classification for pesticides that are highly selective, use low rates, have low potential to leach, are IPM compatible, and are safer to humans
• Repellant – deters pests presence or activity.
• Pheromone – chemical affecting pest behavior.
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The 6 IPM Principles1. Prevention
2. Scouting• Monitor & assess pest numbers & damage.
3. Management Guidelines• When is action needed?
4. Numerous tools used to mitigate pest issue.• Suppression NOT eradication
5. Evaluation of tools’ efficacy.
6. Record keeping.
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IPM Principle #1. Scouting Crops• Early Detection – smaller and younger pests
easier to manage.
– gives option for “softer” pesticide use like soaps/oils.
• Be persistent – looking at least once a week.
• Get to know “hot-spots” and problem plants.
• Check: new growth, tops/bottoms of leaves, flowers, buds, fruit, roots.
• Record: damage, pests/beneficials present.
• Use tools: hand-lens (10X-16X), white paper.
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IPM Principle #2. Pest Identification• Not all insects are pests.
• Want to select the right pesticide.
• Resources
– University & Extension
– Books
– Articles
– Picture guides
– Experienced farmers
– World Wide Web
• UF/IFAS EDIS
• Bugwood
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IPM Principle #3. Management Guidelines
• The toughest decision is often to NOT act.
• High quality is required of commercial crops.
• Your farm - You decide:
• If and when to act.
• Management tactic used.
• Considerations?
– Pest, population size/stage, damaged caused, etc.
– Crop stage, part affected, time till harvest, etc.
– Types of beneficials present, stage they are in, etc.
– Weather forecast, time of day, etc.
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IPM Principle # 4. IPM Tools • Many pests are to too small to be seen or
identified without magnification.
• Recommend 10X-16X.
• Shake Method: place white paper under plant & shake the leaves to see what falls out.
• Sticky traps are usually yellow & are attractive to many types of insects – not all will be pests.
– Should not solely be relied on for decisions
• Other tools: sweep nets, aspirator, pheromone traps, pencil/pen, notebook, flags, field map
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IPM Principle # 5. Evaluation• In time, go back & examine pest populations
after your decisions were implemented.
– Are pests alive or dead?
– Did populations go up or down?
– Did damage from pests increase/decrease?
– Was there any damage to the plant?• Which part(s)?
• Did the plant grow out of the damage?
– Did different types of beneficials arrive?• Did they manage pests effectively?
– Is another action warranted?• Same action or different?
– Was the action taken too late?
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IPM Principle # 6. Record Keeping• Keeping a historical record allows you to
anticipate certain situations and proof of which tactics were used and whether they were successful.
– When did pests arrive?
– On which plant(s) were pests found?
– Where on the plant was the pest found?
– Is a given pest found with a beneficial?
– What was done last time?
– Was the tactic used effective?
– Were any future recommendations made?
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Limiting Pesticide Use
What can be done? What else can be done?
• Start with clean seed
• Start with healthy plants
• Good cultural practices– Right plant, place, time
– Irrigation & nutritional BMPs
• Good sanitation habits– Clean hand-tools after use
– Work young to old plants & clean to dirty areas
– Use mature compost
– Remove diseased plants
– Kill weeds before they seed
• Scout early & often
• Remove by hand when possible
• Proper ID & pesticide choice
• Spot-treat problems
• Utilize beneficials– Properly ID
– Use softer pesticides
– Use selective pesticides
– Keep or plant refugia
– Have a no-spray zone
– Purchase & release
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• Pesticide labels must be followed by all.• For personal and environmental safety.
• Even by dooryard & backyard growers.
• Includes – reentry (REI) & preharvest (PHI) intervals.
• Crop & application site must be on label.
• Turf vs. Ornamentals vs. Edible Crops
• Specific fruits and vegetables.
“The label is the law.”
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PHI = required wait time after application until harvest.
• Harvesting a crop before the PHI expires is illegal.
• Will be stated on product label.
• Following the PHI reduces risk from pesticides on food.
• Time listed tested to minimize pesticide residues.
• Wait times differ between products and crops.
• For products that can be applied up to the day of harvest, label may list '0' (zero) days or there may be no time listed.
Preharvest Interval
(PHI)
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Pest populations
Susceptible
Pesticide application results in serious injury or death.
Tolerant
Exposure to pesticide has minimal effect.
Inherited natural tendency to tolerate.
Not a result of selection pressure.
Resistant
• Repeated pesticide (RAC Code) selects tolerant biotype.
• Tolerant biotype reproduces.
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Chemical Class/Chemical Family• Similar structures and properties.
• May work same but different MoA or target site.
Mode of Action (MoA)
• How pesticide causes the physiological disruption.• Ex. Nervous system, Inhibit Energy Production.
Site of Action/Target Site
• Physical location in pest where the MoA.• Ex. Pyrethroids – MoA interferes with nervous system
at the Sodium channel modulators site.
Pesticide Classification
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Pesticide Resistance:
Resistance
• Population change from susceptible to a tolerant biotype due to selection pressure.
Selection pressure
• Results from repeated use of like MoA/RAC Codes.
• Mode of Action = specific way pesticide works.
• RAC Code = Number designation on label.
• Based on MoA, chemical class, target site.
Rotate RAC #’s to delay pest resistance.
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Tolerant =
Susceptible =
Pest Population-Before Pesticide-
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Tolerant biotype1. Survives 2. Reproduces
Tolerant =
Susceptible =
Pest Population-After Pesticide-
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Selection pressureresults in a
population shift.
Tolerant =
Susceptible =
Same RAC # Used Repeatedly
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Resistance- Risks Factors -
Pest
• Frequency of reproduction
• Numbers of individuals per generation
Pesticide
• Single site of action within pest
• Persistence
• Frequent and/or repeat applications with same mode of action
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Resistance- Mechanisms-
Insects
• Physiological resistance
• Metabolic, target site, resistance, penetration
• Behavioral resistance
Fungi
• Target site altered, over expressed, exclusion, detoxify
Plants
• Target site altered, metabolism, limited absorption, sequestration & translocation
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• Application takes place but nothing dies
• Control is excellent except in certain parts of the field
• Only one of several targeted pest species is not controlled
• Any of the above trends worsens year after year
Signs of resistance?
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Applicator Error?
• Dosage, method, missed target, mechanics, coverage
Is it Resistance?
Unfavorable application conditions?
• Temperature, rain, degraded pesticide, improper pH
o Re-infestation?
o Pest resurgence?
o Waited long enough?
o Wrong pesticide selection?
o Label followed?
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IPM Summary
• Important terms
• The 6 Principles of IPM
o Prevention
o Scouting
o Management Guidelines
o Numerous tools
o Evaluation
o Record keeping
• Limiting pesticide use
• Pesticide Resistance Scouting with a hand-lens & white paper helps observe small & light colored critters
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• Consider nonchemical methods of pest management.
– Cultivation, crop rotation, beneficials, physical barriers.
• Follow labeled instructions.
– Rate, stage,
• Pay attention to RAC codes and rotate.
– FRAC, IRAC, HRAC
• Rotate or combine modes of action.
• Use selective pesticides.
• Pest is properly identified.
• Spray based on thresholds.
Key points:
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Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the colleagues sharing information from which this presentation drew as resources.
• IPM Florida (http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/)
• UF/IFAS Palm Beach County Extension
– http://discover.pbcgov.org/coextension/Pages/default.aspx
• UF/IFAS – Small Farms (https://smallfarm.ifas.ufl.edu/)
• University of Georgia Extension (https://extension.uga.edu/)
• https://www.ipmimages.org/
• https://www.slideshare.net/
• http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/
• https://www.bugwood.org/
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• Christian Miller– [email protected]
– 561-233-1718
– Palm Beach County Extension• http://www.pbcgov.com/coextension/
• 559 N. Military Trail,
West Palm Beach, FL 33415
Contact Information
• Michelle Samuel-Foo– [email protected]– 334-229-8451– Alabama State University
• https://www.alasu.edu/• 915 S. Jackson Street
Montgomery, AL 36104