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Aquifer mapping in Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware: A key to
understanding groundwater sources
A Presentation to the 2013 Region 3 Source Water Protection Meeting
June 6, 2013
Pete McLaughlin, Amanda Lawson, and Jaime TomlinsonDelaware Geological Survey, University of Delaware
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• Your challenge: Identifying drinking water sources and protecting these source waters from contaminants
• An understanding the source aquifer and groundwater flow within it allows delineation of source water assessment boundaries
• An understanding of subsurface geology is necessary to accurately characterize the ground water source
• Key geologic aspects:– Aquifer delination (geographic, depth)– Aquifer hydrologic characteristics– Nature of associated confining units
Where Source Water Protection Meets Geology
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Starting Premise
Accurate Understanding of Aquifer Geology
is essential toAccurate Understanding of Groundwater Occurrence
Geology controls where the groundwater is, where it goes, and how much we get
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The Idea: A Project
• Identify and delineate the aquifers of southern Delaware (Kent and Sussex Counties) the are sources of public drinking water
• Determine where these aquifers are used as drinking water sources and the magnitude of withdrawals
• Conducted by DGS, supported by DNREC
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Outline
1. Objectives and Background2. Aquifers of Southern Delaware3. Water Use in Southern Delaware
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• Goal: To establish an up-to-date summary of the groundwater resources of Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware
• Incentives: The last comprehensive report on ground-
water availability and aquifers in Sussex County was published more than 40 years ago (Sundstrom and Pickett, 1968)
Reported aquifers in state, federal, and SWAPP databases are not always correct
• Benefit: The results of this work will support source water protection, well permitting, and water supply planning programs in Delaware
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Data from USGS (http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/data/2005/ )
Kent + Sussex Groundwater Use
0102030405060708090
100
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
MG
D
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Data from USGS (http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/data/2005/ )
Kent + Sussex Population
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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0102030405060708090
100
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Kent + Sussex Groundwater Use
if 130Kpopulation growth
MG
D
in2030
+ 13? MGD
PLUSmore irrigation
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ObjectivesPrimary purpose: Updated summary of the ground-water resources of Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware, in two parts:• Aquifer geology:
– to compile geological cross-sections highlighting the correlation of aquifers
– to construct structural contour and isopach maps of the aquifers
– to acquire new data in areas where geological control is lacking, including new drilling and geophysical logging
• Hydrology:– to compile data on water use in Sussex County, – to characterize the hydrologic characteristics of each aquifer, – summarized these within the updated aquifer framework.
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ObjectivesRecent related work: • Confined aquifer mapping for Kent County (McLaughlin and
Velez, 2006)• Unconfined aquifer mapping for Sussex County (Andres and
Klingbeil, 2006) Strategy: • use selected, high-quality data; • establish carefully documented methodologies for
estimation/interpretation where high-quality data are lacking; • identify issues where a lack of adequate data indicates a need
for further study (project will not address organizational/ quality control issues of all potentially available data).
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Geology&
Hydrology
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Geology: Formations
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Geology: Aquifers
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Geology Methods & Data• Stratigraphic picks for tops and bottoms of
aquifers (and formations)• Assembled stratigraphic picks database of
14000 records plus another 2300 records of sites where picks not made or were redacted
• Stratigraphic picks database includes app. 6600 wells with stratigraphic picks and records of app. 2100 others evaluated but not suitable for picks
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Geology Methods & Data• Dense coverage of picks in
Delaware• Extended picks into MD
and NJ to minimize edge effects at borders
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GeologyMethods & Data
• Drilled test holes at 10 locations where availability of confined aquifer data was sparse
• Holes ranged from 600 to 840 ft depth• Cuttings sample were collected, lithologic logs were
created, and geophysical logs (gamma-multipoint electric) were recorded
• Benefit: High quality deep confined aquifer picks
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Unconfined Aquifer Methods & Data
• New picks for Kent County; for Sussex used data and maps of A&K-2006
• Utilized geophysical logs, geologist logs, and driller logs– maximize data volume given
degree of local variation• Well ranking system
– 1 = Geophysical log and a descriptive log
– 2 = Geophysical log only– 3 = Descriptive log only– 4 = Poor quality log– 5 = Unable to make pick
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Unconfined Aquifer Methods & Data • Can we take single driller logs
face value?• Aim for consistency, esp. with
geologist & geophysical logs
exam
ple:
blo
ck M
d42
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Unconfined Aquifer Methods & Data• Created Kent County unconfined aquifer grids
1. Reviewed drillers logs in detail, aggressive accept/reject approach emphasizing consistency
2. Elevation of Base Unconfined grid created using Radial Basis Function method in ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst
3. Unconfined Thickness grid computed from surface DEM and base elevation grid
4. Final grids corrected for 3-dimensional constraints (topography)
• Created a K-S unconfined grid by stitching new Kent unconfined elevation grid and existing A&K-2006 Sussex unconfined elevation grid
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Unconfined Aquifer
Elevation Grid:
Kent County
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Unconfined aquifer & geology•Common scattered beds
of clayey silt•Silt to fine sand over
medium to coarse sand in upper 5-25’
•Rare discontinuous clayey silt beds
•Heterogeneous coarse to fine sand, gravelly sand, and pebble gravel
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Unconfined Aquifer, Sussex County
• Thickness map• Elevation of base• Transmissivity map • > 4200 data points• Used drillers’ and
geophysical logs
Klingbeil and Andres, 2006
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Unconfinedaquifer
• Thickness map• Elevation of base• > 1600 data points• Splice with Sussex
map
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Unconfinedaquifer
Kent + Sussex
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Confined Aquifer Methods & Data• Picks mostly from geophysical logs, a smaller
number from lithologic logs with high-confidence data
• Depths converted to elevation by subtracting from well elevationsignificant elevation data QC required
• Values exported from stratigraphic database and imported into ArcGIS as point data
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Confined Aquifer Methods & Data• Gridding utilized Radial Basis Function
(multiquadric) method in ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst
• Used 100 m grid resolution• Grids made for each confined aquifer of:
– top aquifer from picks– base aquifer from picks– aquifer thickness by grid math
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Confined Aquifer Methods & DataGrid QC work• Grids checked against intersection with overlying
and underlying surfaces– in some cases, dummy or projected values used to
ensure non-intersecting grid position in sparse data areas
• Grid surfaces are cut-away where overlying surface occurs lower– most significant case: base of unconfined aquifer
occurring below top of base of a confined aquifer, which means normally confined sand unit is not confined there
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Mount Laurel aquifer
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Rancocas aquifer
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Piney Point aquifer
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Lower Calvert sandsand unit below the Cheswold sand
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Cheswold sand
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Example of how to represent an aquifer in 3D context
Cheswold sandaccurate in 3 dimensions
not represented on grid where based unconfined is lower
somewhat simplifiedrepresented to updip limit of presence regardless of
elevation of base unconfined
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“Federalsburg” sand
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Frederica sand
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Milford sand
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middle Choptank sand
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upper Choptank sand
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Manokin aquifer
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Manokin aquifersimplified, unconfined not accounted for
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Manokinaquifersubcrop
Implications forRecharge andSource Water
Protection
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Pocomoke aquifer
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Pocomoke aquifersimplified, unconfined not accounted for
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Pocomokeaquifersubcrop
Implications forRecharge andSource Water
Protection
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GroundwaterUse
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Groundwater Use Methods & DataGroundwater Use Calculations
LivestockIndustrialPublic DomesticIrrigation
EstimatedPopulation outside public-served areas
X
socioeconomic-based per capita coefficient
Calibrated to
Known usage in similar public served
areas
Metered/Reported
for big systems
+Estimated
For smaller systems
Assumed usage rates per user type
X
Population or size of facility served
Metered/Reported
EstimatedIrrigated acres
X
Estimated water use by crop type and soils
calibrated to
Known usage for metered irrigation
EstimatedLivestock populations
X
Average water use/type of livestock
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Compilation of Water Use DataTheoretically:• Reported Water Use (large users, allocations)
– large public– industrial & thermoelectric– irrigation (ag & golf course)
• Non-Reported Water Use (smaller users)– smaller public– domestic self-supplied– livestock– lawn self-supplied– other minor types
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Groundwater Use Data
Well location data• DGS WATSYS Oracle database, includes
multiple regular dumps of DNREC well database
• SWAPP database dump used for list/locations/depths of public wells
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Groundwater Use Data2004-2008 Water Use Database with ~42,000 records and 930+ wells
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Compilation of Water Use DataIn reality, in this study:• Well data, reported
– large public– industrial & thermoelectric
• Well data, estimated– small public (CWS, TNC, NTNC)– golf course (some reported)
• Area data, estimated by census block– domestic self-supplied– irrigation (agricultural)– livestock (poultry)– lawn self-supplied
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Reported Use: Public & Industrial
• Categories:– Public (446 wells)– Industrial Self-Supplied (62 wells)
• Approach– Compiled and cleaned up monthly water use data– Subtotal annual water use for 2004-2008– Verified locations and fixed as needed– Verified screen depths and fixed as needed
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Groundwater Use Methods & DataReported Use: Public & Industrial
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Census Data vs. Water Use Relationships
for Census-Based Water Use Estimates
• Used public wells and service areas (block or subblock) with principally domestic use• Examined reported pumping vs census factors used in Horn et al., 2007 USGS New Hampshire
Seacoast water use report; 5 selected:
Variables Coefficients
BldYrWtAvg -0.006891889317145660
HHSizeWtAvg -0.217913102554659000
HouseValWtAvg 0.000001850164162435
HsgDensityWtAvg 0.000113449101106628
PopDensityWtAvg 0.000030698704019032
Intercept 4.933770428394450000
• Subblock percentages derived from basis of percentage of parcels plus extensive manual editing• Use the census populations, for calculation of the calibration data, gallons pumped per day per person (from reported pumpage)• Use the normal log of the weighted average GPCD (gallons per capita daily) for each pumping network to plot against the five census factors selected from the NH study, and do a multiple
regression to determine the correlation coefficent for each -- so we have correlations of census factors (which includes population-based numners like pop density and household density to water use that includes more-than-census
• then I take those coefficients and use them to calculate resident-population-based modeled water use for each census block/subblock (latter where a block is divided) -- so that is also based on real population
• then I calculate expected peak population addition and annualized average summer population addition (on basis of average 66 days occupancy) and scale up the water use from that population numbers based on that block’s coefficient-based GPCD
• then those total block/subblock water use calcs are subtotaled (resident plus vacationer use modeled together) for each service polygon and then into each pumpage network (group of polygons) so that actual pumpage can be correlated to modeled pumpage
-
50
100
150
200
250
f(x) = 0.85038152330854 x + 17.4947293454124R² = 0.707239158396268
Gallons Per Capita Daily
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Groundwater Use Data2010 and 2000 census data for populations and demographics
13,218 census blocks in Kent & Sussex
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Public Community
• Public Community (178 wells)– Estimated total water
use for system on basis of census-based water use determinations
– Split the system use totals among the wells in the system (usually 1, 2, or 3
– no basis for estimation of different pumping by year
will update CWS NR map
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Public Community & Non-Community
• Public Non-Transient Non-Community (69 wells)• Public Transient Non-Community (154 wells)
Water Use estimated either by:• direct factor by
facility type, including size
• population served with a factor for facility type
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Public Non-Community
will update NCNT map will update NCT map
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Non-Public System Water Use• Self-Supplied Domestic• Irrigation (crops)• Irrigation (golf courses)• Irrigation (lawns – separate self-supplied)• Livestock (poultry)
a quick summary of those methods...
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Self-Supplied Domestic
• Basis: Population by Census Block, not wells– Utilized previously described method of estimating
water use via five census- and pump-data-based coefficients
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Groundwater Use Data
Ag-related data• Irrigation: 2,400+
irrigation polygons• Livestock: 2,600+ chicken
houses
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Irrigation
• Approach: Build a model to estimate irrigation – Method: KanSched irrigation scheduler using nearest
weather station data– Input:
• Irrigated areas catalogued by James Adkins (UD Ag) via 2008 aerial photography
• Climate (precipitation , evapotranspiration) nearest each irrigated area
• Crop Type in each irrigated area (National Agricultural Statistics Service 2008 Cropland Data Layer)
• Soil Type (water capacity) predominant in each climate polygon (USDA NRCS)
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Irrigation
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Livestock (Poultry)
Chicken house numbers: • 2611 houses in Kent and Sussex
Counties likely/possibly active
Chicken house sizes:• Majority of existing houses around
50 x 500 (use as average)
Water Use estimate for average house:• 374,000 gallons/house/yr drinking• 201,600 gals/house/yr cooling
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Estimated Use: Lawn Irrigation (“Ag”)
Approach:• identify how many lawn wells per census block
(1074 wells in 177 blocks)• calculate water use per household (not per
capita) per month in those blocks• assume in summer months that lawn watering
can add 50% to baseline water use on basis of public data
• calculate lawn watering ag water use for each block by number wells x 0.5 x 3 months
2004-01
2004-05
2004-09
2005-01
2005-05
2005-09
2006-01
2006-05
2006-09
2007-01
2007-05
2007-09
2008-01
2008-05
2008-090
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
Viola system: Public example
VIOL
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Reported & Estimated Use: Golf Course Irrigation
28 golf course wells on basis of allocations• A minority of courses reported reliably -- 8 of 28 wells• 11 of 28 wells did not report data any year• 9 of the 17 reported something (but 5 only reported
once)
Approach:• For wells with reported data, subtotaled monthly
reported pumpage for annual totals (though some look to have questionable accuracy)
• Where not reported, assume the 1.5 x full allocation was pumped every year and divided it between wells
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How much from which aquifer?• The above steps get us to how much water is
being pumpeda. from a well; orb. in an area
• However, if we are concerned about the source of drinking water, or volumes of groundwater withdrawals, we need to identify the relevant aquifers
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• Grids compared with database of screen depths• Water use and hydrological characteristics assigned to aquifer where
screened instead of reported aquifer
EmphasisCorrect Aquifer Assignment
Well A
Well C
Well BReported in X
Hydrology and Water Use Meet Geology
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Water Use Analysis
Frederica
Cheswold
Piney PointPiney Point
Approach: Analysis of screen depths to aquifer depths
2006 pumping0 or no data 0 - 20 MG20 - 50 MG50 - 60 MG60 - 120 MG> 120 MG
Aquifers:• Geographic trends in water
use by aquifer• Totals of water use by aquifer
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Aquifer Assignment: Well Specific Usage
Types: Public, Industrial, Golf Course
1. Tabulate well sources: elevation of well, top screen depth, bottom screen depth, and convert depths to elevations• where well elevation missing, sample DEM• where top and bottom of screen is missing, use hole depth
and/or top and bottom of gravel pack• cross compare DGS, DNREC, SWAP databases for these data
2. Determine aquifer depths using grids. At the location of each well, “sample” (pick depth) from the grid of the elevation of the top and base of each aquifer; so each well location has 13 pairs of aquifer elevation values
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Aquifer Assignment: Well Specific Usage
Types: Public, Industrial, Golf Course
3. Compare screens to aquifers. Run an ArcMap script OR a series of Excel formulas that compares the top and bottom screen elevations (or proxies) to the sampled top and bottom of each aquifer• where all screen falls between top and bottom of one
aquifer – easy! assign aquifer• where the screen crosses two aquifers or falls between
aquifers (all or in part), further investigation is needed• there is no grid for “confined Columbia” so that is usually a
manual interpretation for screens between highest confined and base unconfined.
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Groundwater Use Methods & Data Aquifer Assignment: Non-Well Specific Usages
None include Public Water Supply wells
Use Source Aquifers Cross-Reference
Domestic self-supplied
Clusters of domestic screen depths by census block
Sample grids at block center point
By proportion in each aquifer in block
Irrigation Clusters of irrigation screen depths by census block
Sample grids at block center point
By proportion in each aquifer in block; many in multiple aquifers
Poultry Clusters of ag well depths near chicken house by census block
Sample grids at block center point
By proportion in each aquifer in block
Lawn All very shallow All unconfined aquifer
One aquifer
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Water Use Results
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Summary by UseUSE Kent
MGDSussex MGD
Total MGD
USGS 2010
USGS 2000
Public Reported (high use yr) 11.0 15.2 26.2
25.24 23.05Public Reported (low use yr) 10.1 12.7 22.8
Public Non-Reported (estimated) 0.58 1.23 1.81
Domestic self-supplied (model) 4.24 7.37 11.61 5.73 10.79
Industrial self-supplied (high use yr) 1.35 6.96 7.667.29 9.41
Industrial self-supplied (low use yr) 0.83 5.56 6.66
Irrigation: Ag (model high use 2007) 19.12 71.69 90.8253.84 33.82
Irrigation: Ag (model low use 2006) 5.62 44.53 50.16
Irrigation: Golf Course (median rpt+est) 0.17 2.00 2.17 - -
Ag: Lawn wells (estimated) 0.008 0.022 0.03 - -
Ag: Livestock (estimated) 0.7 3.6 4.3 1.44 3.63
Total (high end) 37.2 108.1 144.6 94.5 81.2Total (low end) 22.2 77.0 99.5
updated 6/5/13
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Public Water Supply – Reported• Project & County Totals
calculated– number of wells and volumes by
year tabulated– water use volumes calculated by
aquifer – water use can be displayed by
map, symbolized or subtotaled by census block
• Strengths & Weaknesses of Data & Analysis– based on fairly complete, error-
checked reported data– well construction information
generally good by combining DNREC and DGS information
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Public Reported
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Kent (gallons)
3,674,429,787
3,864,285,976
3,844,692,303
4,016,520,959
3,973,377,535
Sussex (gallons)
4,644,680,600
4,973,593,996
5,129,326,570
5,540,338,394
4,788,754,001
Total (gallons)
8,319,110,387
8,837,879,972
8,974,018,873
9,556,859,353
8,762,131,536
Kent (MGD) 10.07 10.59 10.53 11.00 10.89
Sussex (MGD) 12.73 13.63 14.05 15.18 13.12
Total (MGD) 22.79 24.21 24.59 26.18 24.01
• app. 25 MGD in public water system reported water use• app. 11 MGD in Kent• app. 14 MGD in Sussex
updated 6/5/13
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Public Reportedgallons/yr
Kent MTL RAN PPT CHE FED FRE MIL COLC UNC2004Total 3,103,400 89,883,100 1,573,605,207 1,228,865,848 200,669,900 464,507,284 - 10,200 102,426,920
2005Total 3,988,300 81,144,800 1,350,243,658 1,214,445,008 286,381,800 466,941,906 - 29,500 424,314,004
2006Total 5,661,500 85,727,000 1,162,468,238 1,459,185,900 317,876,500 487,375,165 - 24,200 260,576,500
2007Total 14,574,000 76,593,300 1,321,510,728 1,342,726,900 310,287,543 562,429,300 1,074,300 3,400 447,395,720
2008Total 13,280,800 72,259,100 1,210,682,194 1,307,237,897 342,731,500 521,403,500 444,200 - 529,244,400
Wells 1 5 35 57 13 28 3 1 17
Sussex CHE FED FRE MIL UCH MAN POC COLC UNC2004Total 41,000 56,117,000 181,312,400 272,280,000 49,302,900 659,818,897 982,162,847 738,642,128 1,730,794,428
2005Total 65,000 66,601,000 203,569,500 240,599,000 54,953,690 776,326,175 1,156,997,485 870,109,521 1,641,169,625
2006Total 76,000 56,210,000 224,952,000 200,765,000 45,707,710 597,426,413 1,493,379,037 774,076,509 1,776,174,901
2007Total 29,025,600 56,589,000 180,262,500 217,728,000 49,744,260 700,885,276 1,440,677,701 970,932,087 1,810,128,250
2008Total 45,088,700 54,124,000 185,565,700 142,164,000 48,898,500 669,536,800 1,234,207,714 750,262,936 1,614,352,851
Wells 1 1 15 4 3 27 84 55 98
Total MTL RAN PPT CHE FED FRE MIL UCH MAN POC COLC UNC2004Total 3,103,400 89,883,100 1,573,605,207 1,228,906,848 256,786,900 645,819,684 272,280,000 49,302,900 659,818,897 982,162,847 738,652,328 1,833,221,348
2005Total 3,988,300 81,144,800 1,350,243,658 1,214,510,008 352,982,800 670,511,406 240,599,000 54,953,690 776,326,175 1,156,997,485 870,139,021 2,065,483,629
2006Total 5,661,500 85,727,000 1,162,468,238 1,459,261,900 374,086,500 712,327,165 200,765,000 45,707,710 597,426,413 1,493,379,037 774,100,709 2,036,751,401
2007Total 14,574,000 76,593,300 1,321,510,728 1,371,752,500 366,876,543 742,691,800 218,802,300 49,744,260 700,885,276 1,440,677,701 970,935,487 2,257,523,970
2008Total 13,280,800 72,259,100 1,210,682,194 1,352,326,597 396,855,500 706,969,200 142,608,200 48,898,500 669,536,800 1,234,207,714 750,262,936 2,143,597,251
Wells 1 5 35 58 14 43 7 3 27 84 56 115
• annual variations largely reflect water use and not just reporting irregularities
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Public ReportedMGD
Kent MTL RAN PPT CHE FED FRE MIL COLC UNC2004Total 0.009 0.246 4.311 3.367 0.550 1.273 0.000 0.000 0.2812005Total 0.011 0.222 3.699 3.327 0.785 1.279 0.000 0.000 1.1632006Total 0.016 0.235 3.185 3.998 0.871 1.335 0.000 0.000 0.7142007Total 0.040 0.210 3.621 3.679 0.850 1.541 0.003 0.000 1.2262008Total 0.036 0.198 3.317 3.581 0.939 1.429 0.001 0.000 1.450% (2007) 0.4 1.9 32.3 32.8 7.6 13.7 0.0 0.0 10.9
Sussex CHE FED FRE MIL UCH MAN POC COLC UNC2004Total 0.000 0.154 0.497 0.746 0.135 1.808 2.691 2.024 4.7422005Total 0.000 0.182 0.558 0.659 0.151 2.127 3.170 2.384 4.4962006Total 0.000 0.154 0.616 0.550 0.125 1.637 4.091 2.121 4.8662007Total 0.080 0.155 0.494 0.597 0.136 1.920 3.947 2.660 4.9592008Total 0.124 0.148 0.508 0.389 0.134 1.834 3.381 2.056 4.423% (2007) 0.5 1.0 3.3 4.0 0.9 12.9 26.5 17.9 33.3
Total MTL RAN PPT CHE FED FRE MIL UCH MAN POC COLC UNC2004Total 0.009 0.246 4.311 3.367 0.704 1.769 0.746 0.135 1.808 2.691 2.024 5.0232005Total 0.011 0.222 3.699 3.327 0.967 1.837 0.659 0.151 2.127 3.170 2.384 5.6592006Total 0.016 0.235 3.185 3.998 1.025 1.952 0.550 0.125 1.637 4.091 2.121 5.5802007Total 0.040 0.210 3.621 3.758 1.005 2.035 0.599 0.136 1.920 3.947 2.660 6.1852008Total 0.036 0.198 3.317 3.705 1.087 1.937 0.391 0.134 1.834 3.381 2.056 5.873% (2007) 0.2 0.8 13.9 14.4 3.8 7.8 2.3 0.5 7.4 15.1 10.2 23.7
• Kent: Cheswold and Piney Point are largest sources for reported public use (1/3 each)• Sussex: Unconfined (1/3) and Pocomoke (1/4), then confined Columbia and Manokin
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Public Non-ReportedCommunity: 1.31 MGD (479,735,667)• Kent: 0.45 MGD (163,685,332)• Sussex: 0.87 MGD (316,050,335 gals)
Non-Community Transient: 0.387 MGD (141,382,833 )• Kent: 0.083 MGD (30,419,500 gals)• Sussex: 0.304 MGD (110,963,333 gals)
Non-Community Non-Transient: 0.111 MGD (40,381,517 gals)• Kent: 0.047 MGD (17,115,000 gals)• Sussex: 0.064 MGD (23,266,517 gals)
Total: 1.81 MGD (661,500,017 gals)• Kent: 0.58 MGD (211,219,832)• Sussex: 1.23 MGD (450,280,185)
PWSEstPumpage w rev
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Public Community Non-Reported• Project & County Totals
calculated– number of wells tabulated– water use volumes calculated
by aquifer – water use can be displayed by
map, symbolized or subtotaled by census block
• Strengths & Weaknesses of Data & Analysis– census-based methodology for
service area, same coefficients as used for domestic
will update CWS NR map
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Public Community Non-Reported
Kent PPT CHE FED FRE MIL BLU COLC UNC UNK
Gallons/yr
2,914,383
97,202,376
8,874,870
6,111,715
43,311,611
431,521
3,750,855
4,376,882
1,653,373
MGD 0.008 0.266 0.024 0.017 0.119 0.001 0.010 0.012 0.005
Well Count 3 29 8 5 5 1 2 5 2
Sussex FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC UNK
Gallons/yr
20,476,085
23,890,467
6,436,395
6,403,838
60,989,226
46,273,035
91,805,834
101,990,388
21,557,640
MGD 0.056 0.065 0.018 0.018 0.167 0.127 0.252 0.279 0.059
Well Count 5 8 4 2 18 22 33 36 11
Kent+Sussex PPT CHE FED FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC UNK
Gallons/yr
2,914,383
97,202,376
8,874,870
26,587,800
67,202,078
6,436,395
6,835,359
60,989,226
46,273,035
95,556,689
106,367,270
23,211,013
MGD 0.008 0.266 0.024 0.073 0.184 0.018 0.019 0.167 0.127 0.262 0.291 0.064
Well Count 3 29 8 10 13 4 3 18 22 35 41 13
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Public Non-Transient Non-Community
• Project & County Totals calculated– number of wells tabulated– water use volumes calculated by
aquifer – water use can be displayed by
map, symbolized or subtotaled by census block
• Strengths & Weaknesses of Data & Analysis– based on facility type, so a leap
of faith in assumed water use (per capita user or per facility size)
will update NCNT map
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Public Non-Transient Non-Community
Kent PPT CHE FED FRE MIL UNC UNK
Gallons/yr
8,575,000
1,725,000 980,000
2,765,000
1,125,000
2,080,000
600,000
MGD 0.023 0.005 0.003 0.008 0.003 0.006 0.002
Well Count 2 3 4 12 1 5 1
Sussex CHE FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC UNK
Gallons/yr 150,000
1,155,000
540,000
22,000
125,000
835,833
5,760,000
5,509,100
8,916,667
1,587,500
MGD 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.016 0.015 0.024 0.004
Well Count 1 2 2 1 1 6 5 9 23 4
Kent+Sussex PPT CHE FED FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC UNK
Gallons/yr
8,575,000
1,875,000 980,000
3,920,000
1,665,000
22,000
125,000
835,833
5,760,000
5,509,100
10,996,667
2,187,500
MGD 0.023 0.005 0.003 0.011 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.016 0.015 0.030 0.006
Well Count 2 4 4 14 3 1 1 6 5 9 28 5
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Public Transient Non-Community• Project & County Totals
calculated– number of wells tabulated– water use volumes calculated
by aquifer – water use can be displayed by
map, symbolized or subtotaled by census block
• Strengths & Weaknesses of Data & Analysis– based on facility type, so a
leap of faith in assumed water use (per capita user or per facility size)
will update NCT map
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Public Transient Non-Community
Kent PPT CHE FED FRE MIL COLC UNC UNK Total
Gals/yr
1,675,000
14,446,500
1,260,000
5,969,000
1,000,000
2,010,000
1,959,000
2,800,000
31,119,500
MGD 0.005 0.040 0.003 0.016 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.085
Well Count 4 16 3 9 1 3 6 4 46
Sussex FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC UNK Total
Gals/yr
2,525,000
2,860,000
1,030,000
60,000
1,100,000
25,263,666
24,418,833
52,771,000
2,751,500
112,780,000
MGD 0.007 0.008 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.069 0.067 0.145 0.008 0.309
Well Count 5 4 1 1 2 28 23 44 5 113
Kent+Sussex PPT CHE FED FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC UNK Total
Gals/yr
1,675,000
14,446,500
1,260,000
8,494,000
3,860,000
1,030,000
60,000
1,100,000
25,263,666
26,428,833
54,730,000
5,551,500
143,899,500
MGD 0.005 0.040 0.003 0.023 0.011 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.069 0.072 0.150 0.015 0.394
Well Count 4 16 3 14 5 1 1 2 28 26 50 9 159
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DomesticSelf-Supplied
• Total & County estimates by year– MGD– per person
• Map of Use By Block • Table of Use By Aquifer• Strengths & Weaknesses
of Data & Analysis– complete inventory of all
active wells not available– census-based water-use
coefficient is calibrated to public domestic use
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Domestic Self-SuppliedKent1,546,648,769 gallons/yr = 4.24 MGD60,604 self-supplied residents69.9 gals/pp/day
Sussex 2,690,000,000 gallons/yr = 7.37 MGD96,451 self-supplied residents (plus up to 15,339 average
non-resident population in self-supplied housing in summer)
76.4 gals/pp/day
Domestic Water Use Census Block Totals on Pivot
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Domestic Self-Supplied
Kent PPT RAN CHE FED FRE MIL ORA BLU COLC UNC Total
Gallons 69,334,051
31,074,968
236,148,160
56,375,442
72,318,972
33,450,555
1,560,151
10,394,432
28,499,827 1,007,493,785 1,446,241,324
MGD 0.190 0.085 0.647 0.154 0.198 0.092 0.004 0.028 0.078 2.760 3.96
Percent 4.8 2.1 16.3 3.9 5.0 2.3 0.1 0.7 2.0 69.7
Sussex CHE FED FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC Total
Gallons 2367688.981 527600.3932 24623640.96 17846720.59 4025907.085 4048993.959 104657505.8 166550668.6 552609112.5 1812726044 2,689,983,883
MGD 0.006 0.001 0.067 0.287 0.049 0.011 0.011 0.456 1.514 4.966 7.370
Percent 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.9 6.2 20.5 67.4
Kent + Sussex RAN PPT CHE FED FRE MIL ORA BLU MAN POC COLC UNC Total
Gallons 31,074,968 69,334,051
238,515,849 56,903,043 96,942,613 51,297,276
5,586,058 14,443,426
104,657,506
166,550,669
581,108,939 2,820,219,829 4,136,225,207
MGD 0.085 0.190 0.653 0.156 0.266 0.141 0.015 0.040 0.287 0.456 1.592 7.727 11.332
Percent 0.8 1.7 5.8 1.4 2.3 1.2 0.1 0.3 2.5 4.0 14.0 68.2
unconfined aquifer is largest source, supplying more than 2/3 of domestic self-supplied water
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Groundwater Use TotalsSo, these results allow us to chop-slice-and-dice water use data/estimates from many angles
• Project Total• County Totals• By Block• By Aquifer• By Use• By Year
USE Kent MGD
Sussex MGD
Total MGD
Public Reported (high use yr) 11.0 15.2 26.2
Public Reported (low use yr) 10.1 12.7 22.8
Public Non-Reported (estimated) 0.58 1.23 1.81
Domestic self-supplied (model) 4.24 7.37 11.61
Industrial self-supplied (high use yr) 1.35 6.96 7.66
Industrial self-supplied (low use yr) 0.83 5.56 6.66
Irrigation: Ag (model high use 2007) 19.12 71.69 90.82
Irrigation: Ag (model low use 2006) 5.62 44.53 50.16
Irrigation: Golf Course (median rpt+est) 0.17 2.00 2.17
Ag: Lawn wells (estimated) 0.008 0.022 0.03
Ag: Livestock (estimated) 0.7 3.6 4.3
Total (high end) 37.2 108.1 144.6Total (low end) 22.2 77.0 99.5
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Groundwater Use TotalsSummary by Aquifer
MTL RAN PPT CHE FED FRE MIL MCH UCH MAN POC COLC UNC UNK
0.02 0.12 1.52 0.58 2.57 1.18 1.38 0.77 7.75 7.06 10.86 57.12 Irrigation (2007)
0.02 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.22 0.08 0.04 0.14 0.26 1.04 2.36 4.3 Livestock
0.03 Lawn (self-supp)
2.75 Golf
0.04 0.21 3.621 3.758 1.005 2.035 0.599 0.136 1.92 3.947 2.66 6.185 Public Reported(2007)
0.008 0.266 0.024 0.073 0.184 0.018 0.019 0.167 0.127 0.262 0.291 0.064 Community NR
0.023 0.005 0.003 0.011 0.005 0.002 0.016 0.015 0.03 0.006 Non-Community Non-Transient
0.005 0.04 0.003 0.023 0.011 0.003 0.003 0.069 0.072 0.15 0.015 Non-Community Transient
0.085 0.19 0.653 0.156 0.266 0.141 0.015 0.04 0.287 0.456 1.592 7.727 Domestic Self Supplied
0.02 0.54 0.02 0.89 2.17 0.02 3.69 Industrial (2007)
0.06 0.38 4.05 6.80 2.01 5.06 2.16 1.42 1.11 11.28 14.89 17.84 82.27 0.085 Total MGD
0.04 0.25 2.71 4.55 1.35 3.39 1.45 0.95 0.74 7.55 9.96 11.94 55.07 0.06 Percentage
preliminary sum of maximum estimates
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Groundwater Use Totals
By Census Block• Tabular Form• Map Form
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Summary and Wrap-Up
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Starting Premise
Accurate Understanding of Aquifer Geology
is essential toAccurate Understanding of Groundwater Occurrence
Geology controls where the groundwater is, where it goes, and how much we get
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• Understanding Aquifers. We started with identification of aquifers in boreholes and then mapping aquifers in Kent and Sussex Counties
• Tabulating Water Use. We brought water use into the picture by tabulating all records of water use from Kent and Sussex Counties, and by estimating water use where complete, high-quality data were not available
• Identify Groundwater Sources. We identified the sources of public drinking water (and water for other uses) by projecting well screen depths onto digital aquifer grids
For Kent and Sussex Counties, this project highlightswhere Source Water Protection intersects Geology
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• Protection. The results will contribute to accurate delineation of these public water supply resources, and potential groundwater flow pathways, to support source water protection efforts in Delaware
• Permits. The geologic products will also support identification of aquifers for well permitting
• Planning. The water use products will be useful for water supply planning efforts, such as the current Kent-Sussex focus of Delaware’s Water Supply Coordinating Council
Benefits
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Thank you
Funding by: