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PETER F. SCHMIDSigmund Freud University, ViennaInstitute for Person-Centered Studies (IPS), Austria
BEYOND QUESTION AND ANSWERTHE CHALLENGE TO FACILITATE FREEDOM
*** FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY © PFS 2009 ***
"Person-Centred Counselling and Psychotherapy Today: Evolution and Challenges"International Conference, Athens, 24-28 June 2009
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Person-Centered Psychotherapy is …
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1 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
2 ESSENTIAL FOUNDATIONS
3 DIALOGUE
4 FREEDOM TO RESPOND
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You only hear the questions that you are able to answer.
Friedrich Nietzsche
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1 DEVELOPMENTS
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The emergence of the relational dimension of PCT
C. R. Rogers ‘therapy as relationship or encounter’ (1962) P. F. Schmid ‘therapy as the art of personal encounter’ (1989)W. Pfeiffer ‘relationship as the central effective factor in PCT’ (1989) R. van Balen ‘Rogers’ development towards dialogue’ (1990)B. Thorne ‘intimacy’ (1991)M. O’Hara ‘relational humanism’ (1992)L. Holdstock ‘interdependent, not individuocentric nature of self’ (1993)U. Binder ‘empathy versus cognitive social perspective taking’ (1993) G. Prouty ‘pre-symbolic experiencing, contact & pre-therapy’ (1994)G. Barrett-Lennard ‘client-centered relational psychotherapy’ (1998)D. Mearns ‘dialogical model of self’ (2000)M. Warner ‘contact & fragile and dissociated process’ (2000)M. Behr ‘interactive resonance’ (2003)A. Bohart ‘the client as active self healer’ (2004)M. Cooper ‘relationally-orientated approach to therapy’ (2004)
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PCT – a dialogical understandingPeter F. Schmid
(1989) Personale Begegnung
(1991) with Rogers: Person-zentriert
(1994) Autonomie & Solidarität
(1996) Die Kunst der Begegnung
(2001/02) Wyatt series: Acknowledgment - Authenticity – Comprehension –Presence
(2006) with Mearns: Being with and being-counter, in: PCEP 5, 3 & 4
(2006) The Challenge of the Other: Towards dialogical person-centeredpsychotherapy and counseling, in: PCEP 5,4
(2006) PCE Conference Potsdam: Psychotherapy is dialogue or it is notpsychotherapy
(2008) PCE Conference Norwich: How person-centred is dialogical?
(2008) World Conference (WCP) Beijing: Active responsiveness: PCT - A dialogicalapproach
(2009) APA Conference Toronto: Freedom to respond: Dialogue – foundation andchallenge of humanity (forthcoming)
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Palgrave,2007
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2 ESSENTIALS
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Some essential foundations and characteristics of PCT
Person
Encounter
Fundamental We
Presence
Personalization
Group
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Essentials
Person
substantial-relational nature
independence & interconnectedness
image of the human being:personal anthropology, phenomenological,existential
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Essentials
Encounter
the Other
epistemology of alterity
Thou-I-relationship
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Essentials
Fundamental We
co-responding to the existential situation
encounter as core of a co-creative process
bi-polar model of psychotherapy:agency of the client &presence of the therapist
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Essentials
Presence
to be fully there
authenticity, acknowledgment,comprehension
the core condition ofbeing-with and being-counter
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Essentials
Actualizing process as personalization
energeia-dynamis / act-potency efficient cause (causa efficiens)
dialectical understanding of the actualizing tendency
actualizing tendency as social construct(no development totally-by-itself)
personalizing tendency: freedom & creativity
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Essentials
Group
„the Third“
the primary locus of therapy
the interface ofindividual & society
PCA is a group approach
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3 DIALOGUE
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Different meanings of ‘dialogue’ in PCTJ. Finke & L. Teusch the dialogical must be amended by a functional relationship
G. Lietaer dialogical working alliance
K. Tudor & T. Merry dialogue is ‘a precondition for therapy & the therapy itself’
A. Bohart co-constructive dialogue as meeting of minds
K. Tudor & M. Worrall dialogue is the practice and mutuality is the outcome
P. Sanders dialogue is the co-created relationship between the helperand the person helped
not a school of therapy, but the idea that therapy is dialogue
D.Mearns & M.Cooper working at relational depth:
‘state of profound contact and engagement between two people in which each person is fully with the Other …’
specific moments of encounter & a particular quality of a relationship
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* Greek ‘δια-λεγειν’δια = between (inter)
λεγειν, διαλεγεσθαιpick up, gather, collect; talk, speakto put something apart by thinking over it
λογος = word, meaning, significance‘between words’ flowing of meaning
What does ‘dialogue’ mean?
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Dialogue: the conventional meaning
human conversation face to face, mutual exchange, discourse, interchange in talkingv. entre-tien (conversation), inter-course (social communication)
symmetry and equality
a meeting of the one with the other
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Dialogue: Socrates
pro-active search for wisdom
εὐ ζῆν: to live a good and truthful life
μαιευτικη − a pedagogical instrument
469 – 399 v. Chr
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Dialogue: Martin Buber
Interpersonality Dialogue
“The sphere of the interpersonal is the opposite-to-each-other; its unfolding is what we call dialogue.” Buber, 1948
I-Thou relationship469 – 399 v. Chr
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Dialogue: Emmanuel Levinas
of original im-media-cy
not a consequence of experience
primary occurrence
dissymetric: The other comes first.
469 – 399 v. Chr
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Dialogue: Emmanuel Levinas
Dialogue Interpersonality
“It is precisely because the Thou is absolutely different from the I that there is - from the one to the other - dialogue.”
Levinas, 1981
Thou-I relationship
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Dialogue: Emmanuel Levinas
Solidarity is a basic human condition.
It means to say: “Here I am.”
This dissymetry is the origin of ethics.
The I is constituted by his/her responsibility.
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Dialogue
Self-consciousness dialogueDialogue self-consciousness
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Dialogue
The human person is dialogue.
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What does a dialogical understanding of PCT mean?
A true humanistic therapy is not „egology“.Being concerned with the therapistattitudes above all = „therapist-centredness“.
The client comes first.
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What does a dialogical understandingof PCT mean?
Psychotherapy meansto enter dialogue.
enter – inter – entrer - intrare – unter (zwischen) - δια
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What does a dialogical understandingof PCT mean?
Psychotherapy meansto enter dialogue.
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What does a dialogical understanding of PCT mean?
Dialogue is in the very beginning of therapy.
The persons engaged in therapy are dialogue.
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Therapy as dialogue?
Psychotherapy dialogueDialogue psychotherapy
___________
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What does a dialogicalunderstanding of PCT mean?
Dialogue is in the very beginning of therapy.The persons engaged in therapy are dialogue.Therapy is the unfolding of dialogue.Presence is an expression of the fundamental “Here I am”.Encounter is the realization of dialogue.Ethically therapy is a way of “being for” the client.
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Psychotherapy is dialogueor it is not psychotherapy.
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4RESPOND
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Freedom to respond
Psychotherapy is the freedom to respond.
Call Response
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Traditional definitions of „answer“
„Filling a gap in one‘s knowledge.“
“A reply to a question or is a solution, a retaliation, or a response.”
“Replies act as a way of conveying relevant information and continuing a conversationalexchange.“
Wikipedia
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„Antwort“ (German)
„Gegenrede“ — „counter-statement“
ant- + Wort (* lat. verbum = word)
Antwort = encounter face to face
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„Answer“
anti- + swear„solemn affirmation in rebutting a charge“v. answerableant– =„opposite, against”
* Greek αντι = „facing“Latin ante =„before“
* Indo-Germ. ant-s =„front, forhead, face”
answer = to encounter somebody face to face
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„Response“
French répondre„to answer an engagement, a promise;to give a solemn counter-promise, take up a challenge“* Lat. respondere = orig. „correspond, being reliable“ * spondēre = „to solemnly promise, commit oneself,
bind oneself by contract“v. sponsus / sponsa = „spouse“
responsible (for a promise)
respond = make a solemn engagement, promise
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„Reply“
French repliquer; German Replik„un-fold, dis-cover, re-flect“* Lat. replicare = re + plicare (*πλεκω)
„back + fold = unfold“
reply = unfold, open up, discover
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Answer / respond / reply
face, encounterbe a counterpartpromise & engagediscover, open up
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The responsive structure of our behavior
… RSVP…
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The responsive structure of our behavior
the attitude/approach of responding
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The responsive structure of the person
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Bernhard Waldenfels
Responsive phenomenologyand ethics
born 1934
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The responsive structure of the person
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We respond by our behavior to the challenge of a given situation.
Human beings encounter each other by responding to each other and a common world.
Facing our situation we encounter the strange. (“Das Fremde”)
*extraneus, extra ordinem: extra-ordinary
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The systems of order and thestrange (xenology)
The strange is the extra-ordinary.The strange the own.Unaccessible, not only unknown.We are strangers to ourselves.Horror alieni: The strange frightens us!The stranger disturbs us, because they question our order.
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CHAOS ALARM !
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Dealing with the strange
Either: mobilise defense
monopoliserejectdistortdeny
Or: respond existentially
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Response – content and attitude
The given answer — the act of responding.The act of responding is more than thegiven response (answer).„Facilitative responsiveness“.To respond is a creative act: to respondmeans to invent.
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The responsive difference
There is a fundamental dissymmetry.A response respects the fundamental otherness of the claim of the Other.
The circle of question and answer avoidsthe necessary existential response.
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To be a person means to be an existential response
To respond means to confirm somebody in their personhood.The human being is addressed and responding from the very beginning of his/her life.In the beginning he/she is in dialogue.To respond means: To be a person to a fellow person.
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The demand of the Other is disarming, because it precedes all intentions and models;
by questioning the Self it opens the freedom to respond.
Bernhard Waldenfels
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Responding creates freedom
To respond brakes an order.Freedom originates in response.To respond thwarts expectations.To respond means to acknowledge.„Freedom to learn“ −„Freedom to respond“
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Freedom
Freedom as independenceversus
Freedom as intersubjective practice
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Freedom
free* Indo-German. prāi-= protect, take care of, love
related to friend and Friede (=peace)
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Freedom
Freedom as intersubjective practice isfounded in the preceding We.
It is a way of giving freedom.
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Therapy as freedom to respond
Psychotherapy is the practice of freedom.To be a therapist means to be an existential response.
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Homo respondens
„The human being is a responding being.“. B. Waldenfels
Each responding human being is a therapeutic human being.
The realization of dialogue is creation of freedom.
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Psychotherapy is dialogue — the freedom to respond.
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Psychotherapy is dialogue — the freedom to respond
as a human being.
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Responding is a way of speaking and doing that by responding to demands of Others
surprises itself.
Bernhard Waldenfels
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pca-online.net
The Person-CenteredWebsite
by Peter F. Schmid