Download - Pharmacology Mnemonics
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications,
interactions
HMG-CoA:
· Side effects:
Hepatotoxicity
Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]
· Contraindications:
Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children
· Interactions:
Coumarin/ Cyclosporine
Antiarrhythmics: class III members
BIAS:
Bretylium
Ibutilide
Amiodarone
Sotalol
Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions
ABCDE:
Asthma
Block (heart block)
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)
Clopidogrel: use
CLOPIdogrel is a drug that prevents
CLots, an Oral Platelet Inhibitor (OPI).
Amiodarone: action, side effects
6 P's:
Prolongs action potential duration
Photosensitivity
Pigmentation of skin
Peripheral neuropathy
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism
Beta blockers: members
"The NEPAL Prime Minister":
Timolol
Nadolol
Esmolol
Pindolol
Atenolol
Labetalol
Propranolol
Metoprolol
Ca++ channel blockers: uses
CA++ MASH:
Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF
Angina
Migranes
Atrial flutter, fibrillation
Supraventricular tachycardia
Hypertension
· Alternatively: "CHASM":
Cererbral vasospasm / CHF
Hypertension
Angina
Suprventricular tachyarrhythmia
Migranes
Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers
"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):
Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
Naldolol
Propranolol
Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV
MBA College· In order of class I to IV:
Membrane stabilizers (class I)
Beta blockers
Action potential widening agents
Calcium channel blockers
Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring
EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa.
Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT
anti hyprtensive safe for pregnancy are---
My N.H.L ---
Quote:
M-methyl dopa..N-nifedipine...H-hydralazine..
L-labetalol.
methyldopa
Quote:
M = mental retardationE = electrolyte imbalance
T = toleranceH = headache/ hepatotoxicity, rebound HTN
Y = psYchological upsetD = dry mouth, drowsiness
O = oedema, orthostatic hypotensionP = Parkinsonism
A = Anemia [+ve coomb's test]
sodium nitroprusside
clinical uses: MR. CHIEF SURGERY IN EMERGENCY
Quote:
Mr. = Acute MIchief = Acute CHF
Surgery = maintain hemostasis during surgeriesemergency = hypertensive emergencies
antihypertensives used in emergencies.............
Saurav Ganguly HELP
Quote:
S-sodium nitroprussideG-GTN
H-hydralazineE-esmololL-labetalol
P-phentolamine
Anticholinergic side effects
"Know the ABCD'S of anticholinergic side effects":
Quote:
AnorexiaBlurry vision
Constipation/ ConfusionDry Mouth
Sedation/ Stasis of urine
Antimuscarinics: members, action
"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":
Quote:
IpratropiumPirenzepine
AtropineScopolamine
_Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.
Aspirin: side effects
ASPIRIN:
Quote:
AsthmaSalicyalism
Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature closure of PDA
Intestinal blood lossReye's syndrome
IdiosyncracyNoise (tinnitus)
Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver
failure)
LOT:
Quote:
LorazepamOxazepam
Temazepam
Benzodiazepenes: antidote
Quote:
"Ben is off with the flu":Benzodiazepine effects off with Flumazenil.
Benzodiazepenes: drugs which decrease their metabolism
"I'm Overly Calm":
Quote:
IsoniazidOral contraceptive pills
Cimetidine_ These drugs increase calming effect of BZDs by retarding metabolism.
Benzodiazepines: actions
"Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle":
Quote:
Sedationanti-Convulsant
anti-AnxietyMuscle relaxant
Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.
Beta selective blockers
"BEAM ONE up, Scotty":
Quote:
Beta blockers:EsmololAtenolol
Metropolol
Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin
Quote:
Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released":Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not
alpha-bungarotoxin--alpha has different mechanism).
Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects
If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB": or SLUDGE
Quote:
LacrimationExcitation of nicotinic synapses
SalivationSweatingDiarrheaUrination
MicturitionBronchoconstriction
Delerium-causing drugs
ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:
Quote:
Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin)Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine)
Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics)Theophylline
EthanolCorticosteroids
H blockersAntiparkinsonian drugs
Narcotics (esp. mepridine)Geriatric psychiatric drugs
ENT drugsInsomnia drugs
NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin)Muscle relaxants
Seizure medicines
Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines
DINED:
Quote:
DopamineIsoproterenol
NorepinephrineEpinephrineDobutamine
Inhalation anesthetics
SHINE:
Quote:
SevofluraneHalothaneIsoflurane
Nitrous oxideEnflurane
_ If want the defunct Methoxyflurane too, make it MoonSHINE.
Ipratropium: action
Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine.
Lead poisoning: presentation
ABCDEFG:
Quote:
AnemiaBasophilic stripping
Colicky painDiarrhea
EncephalopathyFoot drop
Gum (lead line)
Lithium: side effects
LITH:
Quote:
LeukocytosisInsipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
Tremor/ TeratogenesisHypothyroidism
MAOIs: indications
MAOI'S:
Quote:
Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]Anxiety
Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
Social phobias
_ Listed in decreasing order of importance._ Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.
Methyldopa: side effects
METHYLDOPA:
Quote:
Mental retardationElectrolyte imbalance
ToleranceHeadache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upsetLactation in female
Dry mouthOedema
ParkinsonismAnaemia (haemolytic)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: members
"PIT of despair":
Quote:
PhenelzineIsocarboxazid
Tranylcypromine_ A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression.
Morphine: effects
MORPHINES:
Quote:
MiosisOrthostatic hypotensionRespiratory depression
Pain supressionHistamine release/ Hormonal alterations
Increased ICTNausea
EuphoriaSedation
Morphine: effects at mu receptor
PEAR:
Quote:
Physical dependenceEuphoriaAnalgesia
Respiratory depression
Narcotic antagonists
Quote:
The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NAltrexone._ Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.
Parkinsonism: drugs
SALAD:
Quote:
SelegilineAnticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)
L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)Amantadine
Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)
Phenytoin: adverse effects
PHENYTOIN:
Quote:
P- interactionsHirsutism
Enlarged gumsNystagmus
Yellow-browning of skinTeratogenicityOsteomalacia
Interference with B metabolism (hence anemia)Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache
Physostigmine vs. neostigmine
LMNOP:
Quote:
Lipid solubleMiotic
NaturalOrally absorbed well
Physostigmine_ Neostigmine, on the contrary, is:
Water solubleUsed in myesthenia gravis
SyntheticPoor oral absorption
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine
"MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat":
Quote:
Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine).Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).
Serotonin syndrome: components
Causes HARM:
Quote:
HyperthermiaAutonomic instability (delirium)
RigidityMyoclonus
Sodium valproate: side effects
VALPROATE:
Quote:
VomitingAlopecia
Liver toxicityPancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
Retention of fats (weight gain)Oedema (peripheral oedema)
Appetite increaseTremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)
Succinylcholine: action, use
Quote:
Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.
You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.
Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing
"I have to hide, the CIA is after me":
Quote:
ClomipramineImipramineAmitrptyline
_ If want the next worth knowing, the DNDis also after me:DesipramineNorrtriptyline
Doxepin
Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects TCA'S:
Quote:
ThrombocytopeniaCardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)
Seizures
Vigabatrin: mechanism
Vi-GABA-Tr-In:
Quote:
Via GABA Transferase Inhibition
Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy
MCAT:
Quote:
MetronidazoleChloramphenicolAminoglycoside
Tetracycline
Busulfan: features
ABCDEF:
Quote:
Alkylating agentBone marrow suppression s/e
CML indicationDark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e
Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/eFibrosis (pulmonary) s/e
Metabolism enzyme inducers
"Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":
Quote:
RifampinBarbiturates
CarbamazepineGrisoefulvinPhenytoinPhenobarb
Smoking cigarettes
Morphine: side-effects
MORPHINE:
Quote:
MyosisOut of it (sedation)
Respiratory depressionPneumonia (aspiration)
HypotensionInfrequency (constipation, urinary retention)
NauseaEmesis
Therapeutic index: formula
TILE:
Code:
TI = LD / ED
Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones)
"PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount":
Quote:
PhenytoinEthanolAspirin
Zero order_ Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics
(always the same amount out)
Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action
Quote:
zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenasezIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor
Beta- vs Beta- receptor location
"You have heart and lungs":
Quote:
Beta- are therefore primarily on heart.Beta- primarily on lungs.
Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis
"Very Angry Hepatocytes":
Quote:
Valproic acidAcetaminophen
Halothane
Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta
ABCD:
Quote:
Alpha = Constrict.Beta = Dilate.
Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
Quote:
Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels.
Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acceptable for use in some
diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are non-seletive beta blockers.
Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions
ABCDE:
Quote:
AsthmaBlock (heart block)
COPDDiabetes mellitus
Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)
Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers "Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem"
(because he has a runny nose...):
Quote:
Timolol
PindololHismololNaldolol
Propranolol
PREANASTHETIC MEDICATION
HOSANA this is a christian word.
Quote:
H-H2blockersO-opeoids
S-sedatives-antianxietyA-anticholenergic
N-neurolepticsA-antiemetics
simple and sobar
anti epeleptic drugs
Dr.BHAISAB's New PC.
Quote:
D...deoxy barbituratesB...barbituratesH....hydantoin
A.. aliphatic carb acidsI....iminostilbenesS....succinimides
B....BZD'sN.... newer drugs
P....PhenyltriazinesC... cyclic gaba analogues
adverse effects of tetracyclins-KAPIL DEV
Quote:
K kidney toxicityA antianabolic effect
P phototoxicityI inc ICP
L liver toxicity
D diabetes insipidusE enamel problemsV vestibular toxicity
GENERAL TOXICITY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS
SHaLi's BF Ghoghari Gautam is Chor.
Quote:
S-skinH-hyperurecemia
L-lymphoreticular tissueB-bone marrow
F-FoetusG-gonads
G-gitC-carcinogenecity
6 H s and 8 H s of adverse effects of thaizide diuretics and loop diuretics
respectively.....
'melbourne cricket authority has high funds though players get minor amount' ..
for clinical uses of beta blockers...
Drugs causing pulmonary fibrosis:
Quote:
BAB like in baba (father)Bleomycin
AmiodaroneBusulfan
ADRS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL
smart boys in girls hostel
B.... bone marrow depression
H...hypersensitivity
I....irritative effects
S.....superinfections
G.....Gray baby syndrome
ampicillin uses
UR GMCS BeST
Quote:
UTIRespi
GonorrhoeaManingitis
cholecystitissepticemias
bacillary dysentrysabe
typhoid
misch
Acyclovir “I see clover”
I see a three-leaf clover (this is a prodrug that gets converted into a
triphosphate – it resembles dNTP and inhibits DNA Polymerase). Imagine putting
clovers over herpes sores and genital warts (this is used to treat those).
Amantadine “Homan to Dean” In case you haven’t heard, Dr. Homan is our new
SOM dean. His new policy: he won’t let us come to school without our white
coats (this drug blocks uncoating, stage 2, in viral infection). Other interesting
facts about him: he can pee for 12 hours straight! (The half-life is 12h and it’s
excreted unchanged in the kidney .)
Dr. Homan can’t take the pressure of being a new dean so he becomes a
nervous drunk with depression, feelings of detachment, insomnia, dizziness,
ataxia, slurred speech, and inability to concentrate (these are some of the
adverse effects)
Cephachlor “Chlorine” – as in swimming pools
You swim and get water up your nose and in your ears (this drug treats sinusitis
and OTITIS media).
Cephadroxil “Drop rocks” While you are peeing you drop rocks (This drug treats
UTIs).
Cephalothin “…Loathing”
If your heart is infected, you can’t love, only loathe (this is used to treat severe
infections such as endocarditis).
Cephamandole “…Man doll” You have to inflate your man doll and you get an
upper respiratory infection. If you “use” this anatomically correct man doll, he
will give you pelvic inflammatory disease (This drug is indicated for URI and
PID). He’s also so real that he bleeds!!! (Adverse effect: It affects Vit-K
dependent clotting function)
Cephazolin “…Soul in” You want to keep your soul in and not die if you go to
surgery (this drug is used prophylactically for surgery).
Cephoperazone “…Opera zone” Going to the opera makes me want to get drunk
to the point of illness. These drugs, when mixed with ethanol interfere with
ALDH, affecting alcohol metabolism (you end up with increased acetaldehyde –
a DISULFIRAM-LIKE REACTION).
Also, if you see Phantom of the Opera, expect to see some blood! (This affects
Vit-K dependent clotting function.)
Cephotaxime “…Tax time” IRS is hard to kill off – they are MULTIPLE DRUG
RESISTANT (Use this drug against MDR strains.).
Clindamycin “Clean the mice”
You’re cleaning the mice because they are covered with ticks (this drug is used
to treat Lyme Disease). You have to use SOS kitchen cleaner to clean the mice
(SOS = 50 S ribosomal unit – where this drug acts).
Richard Gere likes to put mice in “where the sun don’t shine” and this is a very
FRAGILE procedure (Clindamycin may cause Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
and it’s also used to treat B. fragilis infections).
Fluconazole “Flu cone” Imagine an emaciated AIDS patient eating an ice cream
cone made of the flu and he gets an oral and esophageal fungal infection. (This
is used to treat oral and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients).
Foscarnet “Fox cARRR net” If you catch foxes in a net, they won’t reproduce
(this drug is a stage 3 inhibitor). ARRR… it inhibits RNA polymerase and Reverse
transcriptase to block Reproduction. You’re going to put the foxes into a car
that’s made out of bones instead of metal (this drug binds to bones and
decreases Ca2+ and Mg2+).
Also, a foxy lady is HOT (this drug will cause a fever) and never wear fox urine to
hunt (this is excreted in the kidney and causes renal insufficiency).
inhalational corticosteroids
Bed Bug Flew To Florida
Quote:
B-BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATEB-BUDESONIDE
F-FLUTICASONE PROPIONATET-TRIAMCINALONE
F-FLUNISOLIDE
Succinylcholine: action, use
Quote:
Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.
You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation
Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects
If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":
Quote:
LacrimationExcitation of nicotinic synapses
SalivationSweatingDiarrheaUrination
MicturitionBronchoconstriction
Steroids: side effects
BECLOMETHASONE:
Quote:
Buffalo humpEasy bruising
CataractsLarger appetite
ObesityMoonfaceEuphoria
Thin arms & legsHypertension/ Hyperglycaemia
Avascular necrosis of femoral headSkin thinningOsteoporosis
Negative nitrogen balanceEmotional liability
Methyldopa: side effects
METHYLDOPA:
Quote:
Mental retardationElectrolyte imbalance
ToleranceHeadache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upsetLactation in female
Dry mouthOedema
ParkinsonismAnaemia (haemolytic)
Sodium valproate: side effects
VALPROATE:
Quote:
VomitingAlopecia
Liver toxicityPancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
Retention of fats (weight gain)Oedema (peripheral oedema)
Appetite increaseTremor
Enzyme inducer (liver)
Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects
CAPTOPRIL:
Quote:
CoughAngioedema/ AgranulocystosisProteinuria/ Potassium excess
Taste changesOrthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ RashIndomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
Lithium: side effects
LITH:
Quote:
LeukocytosisInsipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
Tremor/ TeratogenesisHypothyroidism
Opioids: effects
BAD AMERICANS:
Quote:
Bradycardia & hypotensionAnorexia
Diminished pupilary sizeAnalgesics
MiosisEuphoria
Respiratory depressionIncreased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)
ConstipationAmeliorate cough reflex
Nausea and vomitingSedations
Ca++ channel blockers: uses
CA++ MASH:
Quote:
Cerebral vasospasm/ CHFAngina
Migranes
Atrial flutter, fibrillationSupraventricular tachycardia
Hypertension
·
Alternatively: "CHASM":
Quote:
Cererbral vasospasm / CHFHypertension
AnginaSuprventricular tachyarrhythmia
Migranes
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine
MorPHINE: Fine.
AmPHETamine: Fat
"Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine)
Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat)
Phenobarbitone side effects
Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression)
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness
Atropine: origin tells action or vice versa
Atropine causes your pupils to dilate, and it came from nightshade [belladona]In the night or
in shade, your pupils dilate so you can see
Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia
"A goes with B":
Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia
Reserpine action
Reserpine depletes the Reserves of catecholamines [and serotonin]
Sodium channel blockade: Procainamide, Quinidine, Disopyramide
"Quaker Preachers Discussed Sobriety."
Quaker-Quinidine
Preachers-Procainamide
Discussed-Disopyramide
Sobriety-Sodium channel blockade
Class IB - Sodium channel blockade: Lidocaine, Phenytoin, Mexiletine, tocainide
"Philadelphians Like Salty Mexican Tacos."
Philadelphians-Phenytoin
Like-Lidocaine
Salty-Sodium channel blockade
Mexican-Mexiletine
Tacos-Tocainide
Class IC - Sodium channel blockade: Flecainide, Encainide, Propafenone
"Flea Encrusted Prophets."
Flea-Flecainide
Encrusted-Encainide
Prophets-Propafenone
Class II - Beta-adrenergic blockade: Propranolol
"Betting Professionals."
Betting-Beta-adrenergic blockade
Professionals-Propranolol
Class III - Prolong repolarization: Amiodarone, Bretylium, Solatol
"Britain Repossessed American Soaps."
Britain-Bretylium
Repossessed-Repolarization is prolonged.
American-Amiodarone
Soaps-Solatol
Class IV - Calcium channel blockade: Verapamil, Diltiazem
"Calligraphist's Verbal Dilemma."
Calligraphist-Calcium channel blockade
Verbal-Verapamil
Dilemma-Diltiazem
Antiarrhythmic agents:
"A Dubious Quality Product...
Bought To Preserve Little Money...
Can Fabricate Enough Problems."
A-1a B-1b C-1c
1a-A:
D-Disopyramide
Q-Quinidine
P-Procainamide
1b-B:
T-Tocainamide
P-Phenytoin
L-Lidocaine
M-Mexiletine
1c-C:
F-Flecainamide
E-Encainamide
P-Propafenone
Mnemonics For Side Effects.
ACEI, Side Effects
CAPTOPRIL
Cough,
anaphylaxis,
palpitations,
taste,
orthostatic ↓BP,
Potassium (↑K+),
Renal impairment,
impotence,
leucocytosis
Anti-epileptic side Effects
ABCDEFGH
Ataxia,
blood dyscrasia,
cleft lip,
dupuytrens / vit D def,
exfoliation of skin & Stevens Johnson’s. Fits,
GI upset / gum hypertrophy,
hepatitis / hairy
Barbiturate side Effects
ABCD
Ataxia,
behavioural disturbance,
↓concentration / coma,
depression / drowsy / diplopia
Cholinergic OD side Effects
DUMB BELS
Diarrhoea,
Urination,
Miosis / muscle weakness,
bronchorrea
Bradycardia,
emesis,
lacrimation,
salivation / sweating
Cyclosporin Side Effects
4HRT
4H - Hyper K+, hypertension, gum hypertrophy, hairy
R – Renal toxicity
T - Tremor
Digoxin S/E
GECCKO
GIT – n&v, abdo pain, ulcers
Eyes – blurring, halo, xanthopsia
CNS – depression, confusion, delirium, hallucinations
Cardiac – ANY arrhythmia
K - low
MAOI side Effects
3Hs
Hepatocellular jaundice,
Hyperthermia,
hypertension
TCAD side Effects
CAN WOO
Cvs,
Anticholinergic,
Neuro,
Withdrawal,
Overdose,
Others
Steroids Side Effects
HIGH COMPACT IMPS
Hypertension,
Immunosuppression,
Gastric Ulcer (bleeding),
Heartburn
Cataract,
Osteoporosis,
Muscle weakness,
Path # / Psychosis,
Acne / Altered Glucose,
Cushingoid,
Thin skin
Increased appetite,
Myopathy,
poor wound healing,
stress response reduced
AM CUSHINGOID
Acne,
Myopathy (prox) / muscle wasting (prox)
Cushingoid / Cataract,
Ulcers,
Striae, skin thin (bruising),
Hypertension / hairy,
Infection,
Glycosuria,
Obesity / Osteoporosis / Oedema,
Immunosuppression / Insomnia,
Depression
http://imedrx.blogspot.com/2010/02/physiology-and-pharmacology-video.html