Download - PhD defense
Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and ModelingJef AernoutsLaboratory of Biomedical Physics (BIMEF)University of Antwerp
PhD defenseSeptember 24th, 2012
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A PhD study
• PhD: Doctor of Philosophy- “philosophy” = “love of wisdom”
• PhD in Physics- “to understand the behavior of natural phenomena…”
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A PhD study
• PhD: Doctor of Philosophy- “philosophy” = “love of wisdom”
• PhD in Physics- “to understand the behavior of natural phenomena…
…and to use this knowledge for new technologies”
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
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The human ear
tympanic
membrane
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Middle ear & tympanic membrane
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Function of the ear
Convert sound (20-20000 Hz) > nerve activity in our brain
What is role middle ear?
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air fluid
Role of the middle ear
?
Impedance matching
between air & fluid
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Middle ear impedance matching
1. Area ratio
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Middle ear impedance matching
1. Area ratio2. Lever action
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Middle ear impedance matching
1. Area ratio2. Lever action3. ‘Buckling effect’
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
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Mechanics
• “Behavior of solids when subjected to forces”
rubbersteelstrain
Dl/l
F/A
stre
ss
linear
non-linear
Elasticity
biological
tissue
visco-elastic
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Mechanics
• “Behavior of solids when subjected to forces”
Vibrational mechanics
100 Hz
(deformation x1e4)
5000 Hz
(deformation x4e6)
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Why study TM mechanics?
• Middle ear finite element modeling
normal
diseasedreconstructed
tympanic membrane!
(Aerts J, Aernouts J. 2012)
(Gan et al., 2009)
(Kelly et al., 2003)
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
1. Validation measurements and modeling
2. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars tensa elasticity
3. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars flaccida elasticity
4. Human tympanic membrane elasticity
5. Human tympanic membrane vibrations
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
1. Validation measurements and modeling
2. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars tensa elasticity
3. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars flaccida elasticity
4. Human tympanic membrane elasticity
5. Human tympanic membrane vibrations
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
1. Validation measurements and modeling
2. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars tensa elasticity
3. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars flaccida elasticity
4. Human tympanic membrane elasticity
5. Human tympanic membrane vibrations
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Human tympanic membrane
- Base diameter: 9 mm- Apex height: 1.7 mm
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TM elasticity
• Literature: experiments on cut-out strips- Erroneous analyses (non-uniform thickness)- Difficult specimen clamping
• In my work: experiments on intact samples
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Needle indentation
• Approach- Apply indentations- Measure forces
(1) TM, (2): force transducer,
(3): piston, (4): LVDT , (5): signal
generator, (6): feedback control unit
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Needle indentation
• Approach- Apply indentations- Measure forces
• Sample preparation
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Needle indentation
• Approach- Apply indentations- Measure forces
• Sample preparation
• Results- Quasi-static
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Needle indentation
• Approach- Apply indentations- Measure forces
• Sample preparation
• Results- Quasi-static- Step
sample
piston that
drives needle
mounter
attached
to load
cellLVDT
camera
monitor
vaporizer
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• Moiré profilometry
Shape measurement
Buytaert JAN, Dirckx JJJ. Phase-shifting Moiré topography using optical demodulation on liquid crystal matrices. Optics and Lasers in Engineering.
2010;48(2):172–181.
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• Moiré profilometry
Shape measurement
Buytaert JAN, Dirckx JJJ. Phase-shifting Moiré topography using optical demodulation on liquid crystal matrices. Optics and Lasers in Engineering.
2010;48(2):172–181.
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Finite element model
1. Import geometry
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Finite element model
1. Import geometry
2. Mesh geometry
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Finite element model
1. Import geometry
2. Mesh geometry
3. Apply loadings &boundary conditions
In rest
Indented
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Finite element model
1. Import geometry
2. Mesh geometry
3. Apply loadings &boundary conditions
4. Quasi-static stiffness:E = (2.9±1.3) MPa
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Visco-elastic properties
• Relaxation function in time domain
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Visco-elastic properties
• Relaxation function in time domaintime domain
frequency domain
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Mechanical Properties of the Tympanic Membrane: Measurement and Modeling
1. Validation measurements and modeling
2. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars tensa elasticity
3. Gerbil tympanic membrane pars flaccida elasticity
4. Human tympanic membrane elasticity
5. Human tympanic membrane vibrations
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Work at Boston
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TM mechanics at acoustic freqs
• Sample
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TM mechanics at acoustic freqs
• Sample
• Laser Doppler vibrometry- Sounds: 100 Hz –
18 kHz, 80-120 dB- Umbo velocity
front view
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TM mechanics at acoustic freqs
• Sample
• Laser Doppler vibrometry- Sounds: 100 Hz –
18 kHz, 80-120 dB- Umbo velocity
• Stroboscopic holography- Sounds: 0.5 kHz –
19 kHz, 80-120 dB- Full-field displacement
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• Principle
• Digital holography- CCD- Virtual reconstruction:
hologram before and after > deformation
Holography
CCD
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Stroboscopic holography
• Shutter laser beam/pulsed laser on specific phases
• Both magnitude and phaseof vibration pattern
sample
holography setup
speaker
probe microphone
camera
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FE model
• Geometry (from micro-CT)
(Aerts Johan, 2012)
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FE model
• Geometry (from micro-CT)• Boundary conditions & Loadings
sound wave
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TM transfer function
- Measured with laser Doppler vibrometry:
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TM transfer function
- Measured with laser Doppler vibrometry: - Finite element model outcome
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TM full-field displacement
- Measured with stroboscopic holography:
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TM full-field displacement
- Measured with stroboscopic holography:- Finite element outcome
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TM wave motion
1000 Hz
(deformation x6e3)
7000 Hz
(deformation x1e5)
16000 Hz
(deformation x8e5)
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TM curvature
• Cochlear load at umbo (tip malleus)• Natural curved versus artificially flat
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TM curvature
• Umbo velocity response800 Hz – 4 kHz:
17.5 dB difference
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General conclusion
• Indentation approach- Quasi-static regime (0.001 Hz – 3 Hz)- Elastic characterization pars tensa
• Static inflation experiments- Elastic characterization pars flaccida
• Stroboscopic holography- Acoustic regime (20 Hz – 20 kHz)- Vibrational properties tympanic membrane
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Thanks for your attention!
• Questions? I’m all ears…