Download - Philippine Librarianship
CURRENT & FUTURE DIRECTIONOF PHILIPPINE LIBRARIANSHIP
SHIRLEY INGLES-CRUZHead Librarian
Commission on AppointmentsCongress of the Philippines
Immediate Past-PresidentSpecial Libraries Association – Asian Chapter
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Scope of the Presentation2
3
Introduction
Competency & Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
Social Responsiveness and Involvement
Scope of the Presentation
Conclusions and ConcernsASEAN Economic Integration
State of FilipinianaRole of Associations and Consortia
StatisticsState of Philippine Librarianship
Legislations and LawsBackground
Background3
5
IntroductionBackground
Philippine GeographyHistory of the Philippine Libraries & Librarianship
Legislation & Laws Statistics
6
Geography
17 regions, 82 provinces, 135 cities, 1,493 municipa-lities, 42,028 barangays
Archipelago of 7,107 islands
In honor ofKing Philip II of Spain
1521 – 1898:Colonized by Spaniards
Capital city:Manila
Three main divisions:Luzon, Visayas, &
Mindanao
A sovereign island in Southeast Asia
Current population:103 million
1898 – 1946:Colonized by Americans
1941 – 1945:Japanese occupation
7
History of Philippines Library
Ancient Period/ Before History
Spanish Period
American Period
Modern Period
8
Ancient Period/ Before History(pre-1565)
No trace of the existence of libraries
Pre-Spanish documents were destroyed by
colonizers (assumed)
9
Philippine pre-Spanish Culture
Philippine pre-Spanish Culture
Art of writing was confined to specific areas in the
archipelago
Localized knowledge of reading and writing
Spectrum of native cultures separated by linguistic and
geographical barriers
Different levels of knowledge of the art of writing
Ancient Period/ Before History(pre-1565)
10
The Colonial Philippine Library Period (Spanish Period)
1572:Formal occupation by the
Spanish
1521:Discovered by
Ferdinand Magellan
11
Only religious books found their way on the islands
1583: private collection by Bishop Domingo de Salazar
The Colonial Philippine Library Period (Spanish Period)
Other collections:
College of San Ignacio
University of Santo Tomas
Augustinian Convent ofSan Pablo
12
1604:First typographic press was
manufactured
Doctrina Christiana (1593):First printed book in the
Philippines
Establishment of the Sociedad Económica
(1781):For free distribution of books
Establishment ofMuseo-Biblioteca de
Filipinas (1887)
The Colonial Philippine Library Period (Spanish Period)
13
"A free library and reading-room has been opened in
Manila, chiefly for the use of American soldiers and
sailors.”(The Library Journal)
1900: American Circulating Library was created
Library trends prevailing abroad Philippine library
culture
American Period
14
Establishment of public education
system and a strong public
service
Law of03 June 1908:
Philippine Public Library as a repository of
Philippine history and culture
1901:Establishment of
Scientific Library
American Period
15
1909:Creation of Philippine Library
American Period
16
National Library of the Philippines
American Period
17
4 scholars to study at University of Wisconsin
Cirilo Pérez
Gabriel Bernardo
Eulogio Rodriguez
Jose Munda
1914 foundation of Philippine librarianship by
James Robertson
Mary Polk
Lois Osborn
Philippine librarianship
Philippine Normal School(1919)
University of the Philippines(1914)
American Period
18
1923:Establishment of the Philippine
Library Association
(PLA)
1941-1945:Japanese
Occupation – most of the libraries were burned
1934:Organization of
the first:
American Period
National book week
National convention for librarians
19
1954:Establishment of the
Association of Special Libraries of the
Philippines (ASLP) by the Interdepartmental
Reference Service (IDRS)
Almost total destruction of libraries during World War II
1961:UP – Institute of Library
Science Master’s degree program
Modern Period
20
Involvement of government agencies with:
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Agricultural Bank of Asia (AIBA)
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
nation (FAO)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Modern Period
Legislations and Laws
22
RA 6966 of 1990“Scope of the practice of librarianship – The practice of librarianship shall constitute in holding out oneself as skilled in the knowledge, art and science of the organization, dissemination, preservation and conservation of recorded information; the rendering, furnishing and contracting of professional services such as consultations and advice on the organization and management of libraries, data banks, research and information centers to clients on a fee basis or otherwise; the teaching of subjects in the library and information sciences; and the signing or authenticating for clients of documents or reports when called for.”
23
RA 9246Philippine Librarianship Act
“The State recognizes the essential role of librarianship as a profession in developing the intellectual capacity of the citizenry thus making library service a regular component for national development…
24
RA 9246Philippine Librarianship Act
… It shall, through honest, effective, and credible licensure examination and regulatory measures, undertake programs and activities that would promote and nurture the professional growth and well-being of competent, virtuous, productive, and well-rounded librarians whose standards of practice and service shall be characterized by excellence, quality, and geared towards world-class global competitiveness.”
Code of Ethics for Philippine LibrariansProfessional Regulation Commission
25
Librarians, mindful of their role in the development of knowledge and culture and the enrichment of people's lives, seek the highest standards of ethical behavior in their relations with their schools, their clients/ employers, the librarianship profession and colleagues, agencies, and associations and the public. […]
State of Philippine Librarianship
27
1914: Undergraduate Library Sciencecourses were first offered
First country in Asia to offer formal courses for librarians
1917: First 4-year curriculum for the Bachelor of Library Science (BLS)
1920-1923: 7 scholars were sent to USA for further studies
History of the Library Education in the Philippines
28
1961: First master’s degree program was offered
1991: BLS BLIS
76 schools offer Library Sciences courses
Library Science curriculum and teaching followed those in the USA
History of the Library Education in the Philippines
29
UP SLIS
30
UP SLIS
31
Role of Librarians
Librarians are steering libraries towards the fulfilment of the urgent and complex mission of sharing knowledge
to users.
They create and implement programs and services that promote successful lifelong learning strategies.
32
Librarians help people use the internet
Libraries are a gathering place
Libraries offer the human touch
Librarians help people usethe internet better
Libraries are hubs forpreserving the past
Librarians link digitalknowledge with users
Libraries are the mostdemocratic institutions
Libraries are the first steps toward literacy
Librarians provide training in information literacy
Relevance of Librarians & Libraries
33
Mission of Libraries
The library is a gateway to global information,
enabling direct and remote access to information
resources in a variety of formats.
The library is a dynamic partner in imparting knowledge to users, evolving to meet the changing needs of its diverse community of
learners, while advancing institutional mission, values,
and vision
34
Collections remain forward-looking, diverse
in breadth and form, open to browsing, and of world-renowned quality
Through innovation, access to these
resources is made faster and easier
Through marketing strategies, people are
made aware of the resources available to
them
To serve future users, information across all
formats is preserved for the use of future
generations
To satisfy the new breed of users, the library’s physical and virtual spaces are well-equipped to
respond to the changing habits of its users
Vision of Libraries
35
More sophisticated information-
seeking behaviour and expectations
of information seekers
Geometric increase in the
volume of information in
digital and other formats
Automation of the information
infrastructure
Current Scenario
36
Greater access to a wider range of
and more reliance on digital
information sources
Use of social media in
knowledge management
Proactive collaboration and
the increasing popularization and
deepening of computer and
communications network
Current Scenario
Statistics
38
Demand for Librarians
Local Government Offices:43,755
Top Corporations:1,000+
Secondary Schools:6,002
National Government Offices:1,000+
Tertiary Schools:4,323
Elementary Schools:37,338
39
Supply and Demand for Librarians
Actual demand: 50,000+
Licensed librarians:7,783
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
41
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
PersonalCompetencies
ProfessionalCompetencies
ManagingInformationTools andTechnologies
ManagingInformationOrganizations
42
Personal Competencies
Personal Competencies
Cultural
Customer Service
Ethics and Values
Interpersonal Competencies
Communication
Leadership
Lifelong Learning and Personal Growth
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
43
Professional Competencies
Professional Competencies
Managing InformationResources
Managing InformationServices
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
44
Managing Information Resources
Managing Information Resources
Preservation
Collection Management
Selection and Acquisition
E-Resources Management
Cataloguing
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
45
Managing Information Services
Managing Information Services
Public Services/ Outreach
Reader’s Advisory
Patron Training
Information Literacy
Access Services
Reference/ Information
Children’s Services
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
46
Managing Information Tools and Technologies
Managing Information Tools and Technologies
Core Web Tools
Core Hardware
Core Operating Systems
Core Software Applications
Core E-mail
Core Internet
Core Application of Information Tools and Techniques
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
47
Managing Information Organizations
Managing Information Organizations
Collaboration/Networking
Financial Management/Budgeting and Finance
Personnel Management
Public Relations/Marketing and Promotion
Strategic Planning/Policy Formulation
Project Management/Research
Facilities Management
Competency and Proficiency Required of Filipino Librarians
Role of Associations and Consortia
49
Collectively, the objectives of these library associations are to foster closer relations and cooperation among the members, to stimulate professional growth among the members, to uphold the dignity of the library profession, to observe professional ethics at all times, and to develop and offer continuing library education programs.
- Dante Perez
Role of Associations and Consortia
50
Regional Library Associations
Library Science Alumni Associations
Student Library Associations
Library-related Associations
Local Library Associations
Provincial Library Associations
National Library Associations
Associations and Consortia
51
Development of Library Associations
early years of the American occupation
Round Table Association (1910)
American Circulating Library Association of Manila (1900)
Philippine Library Association (PLA) was the
first and only national organization of librarians
founded during the American period.
52
Philippine Library Associations, Inc.
53
To foster and maintain among its members […]
To cultivate among its members a spirit of cordiality and fellowship
To encourage and foster a continuing program of library education and research […]
PLAI Objectives
To safeguard the professional interest of its members
To provide a forum for the discussion of librarianship, library reform, […]
To encourage and cultivate library cooperation and establish
professional contact with librarians […]
To uphold the dignity and ethics of the library profession
To enable librarians and their associations to discharge their public
responsibility more effectively
To maintain library service at high professional levels
To encourage the creation of libraries throughout the country
54
ASLP
55
56
57
Economic and Financial Learning Center – Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
58
PGLL
59
PGLL – Objectives1. To aim at establishing a cohesive force which will unite Law Librarians throughout the Philippines in a common endeavor to raise or maintain at a high level the standard of law librarianship in the country;
2. To serve as an instrument for the advancement of legal documentation and scholarship and the furtherance of research in the field of law in the Philippines and other countries;
3. To promote on cooperative and fraternal basis the work of individuals, libraries and other institutions engaged in bibliographic processing of legal materials and to facilitate research of such materials on a world wide basis;
4. To provide a forum for consideration and analysis of problems and issue affecting law librarianship in general and legal research in particular;
5. To promote and ensure the economic, social, moral intellectual and cultural well-being of the members;
6. To establish links with similar associations throughout the world with a view to promoting cooperative friendly relations and exchange data and information on the methods and experiences of law librarians in other countries;
7. To acquire, own, hold, let, and lease, mortgage and encumber, and convey and dispose real or personal properties, including shares of stock from corporations, as may be permitted by law;
8. Generally, to do and perform all acts and things necessary, proper and incidental to the purposes hereinabove set forth and those acts and things legally inherent in powers of organization established under laws of the Philippines.
60
61
62
63
CLAPHIL
Organized – 2003
To represent the lower court librarians and their libraries in Supreme Court
To coordinate and cooperate with its judicial programs
45 active lower court libraries nationwide
50 members
64
65
PAARL
66
University Libraries
67
PATLIS
68
PASLI
69
UPLSAA
70
UP LISSA
71
UP SLIS
72
Mendiola Consortium (MC)
South Manila Inter institutional Consortium (SMI-IC)
Iloilo Medical and Allied Health Consortium
Consortia in the Philippines
Ortigas Center Library Consortium (OCLC)
Muntinlupa, Parañaque, and Las Piñas (MunParLas)
Academic Libraries Book Acquisitions Systems Association, Inc. (ALBASA)
Inter University Consortium (IUC)
Aurora Boulevard Consortium Libraries, Inc. (ABC)
Intramuros Library Consortium (ILC)
73
Consortia in the Philippines
“The primary aim of forming library consortia (whether academic, school, public or special) in the Philippines is to share resources implementing them through wide-ranging activities. Other reasons include education, information dissemination, program planning and policy development, research, and staff development. Among the different types of library consortia, the academic library consortia proved to be more extensive in terms of aims/objectives.”
(Fresnido & Yap, 2014)
74
Information network is “a network of organizations established and maintained to share information, as distinct from a network for the sharing of bibliographic data identifying information sources”.
Information Networks in the Philippines
75
Introduction
Cotabato Libraries and Information Network (COLINet)
Health Action Information Network (HAIN)
Information Networks in the Philippines
Information Network on New and Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies for Asia and the Pacific Philippine National Network (INNERTAP)
Health Research and Development Information Network (HERDIN)
Eastern Visayas Library Network (EVLib.Net)
Department of Science and Technology-Engineering and Science Education Project (DOST-ESEP) Library Network
Asia-Pacific Information Network on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (APINMAP)
Academic Libraries Information Network in Mindanao (ALINET)
76
Introduction
Philippine Association of Academic and Research Librarians Network (PAARLNet)
Information Networks in the Philippines
Davao Colleges and Universities Network
Science and Technology Information Network of the Philippines (ScINET-Phil)
Regional Health Research and Development Foundation–7 Subcommittee on Health Information Dissemination and Networking-Cebu City
Philippine Agricultural Information Services Network (PhilAgriNet)
Nutrition Research Information Network (NUTRINET)
National Labor Information Network (NATLINE)
State of Filipiniana
78
National Library of the Philippines’Criteria for Rare Filipiniana:
National Library of the Philippines’Criteria for Rare Filipiniana:
Filipiniana
All out-of-print Filipiniana books of great historical value
All early and rare Philippine manuscripts
Books about the Philippines before 1945
Notable specimens of book-marking, illustrations, and binding
Books printed in the Philippines before 1945
Philippine incunabula or books printed in the Philippines from
1593 to 1640
79
Filipiniana“Maintaining a Filipiniana rare books collection is a highly-specialized work. It is a kind of library service that requires more than what is necessary in managing conventional information resources. A great step in improving rare books collection management in the country is equipping our rare book librarians with the training and skills needed for them to effectively carry out their work. Since there virtually are no available specialized trainings on rare book librarianship in the country, it is very likely that the librarians who are being or will be assigned to manage our rare books are the uninitiated ones. This is a situation that our library schools and professional associations must also take into view.” (Ubay, et. al.)
80
Dated 822 A.D.
Found in 1989:In Lumban near Laguna de Bay
Kavi script was inscribed
Laguna Copper Inscription
81
Dated 1002 A.D. – Could have been used for documentation in trading
Found in Libertad, Butuan City (southern PH)
Inscribed on the seal is the word “Butban” in stylized Kavi
Butuan Ivory Seal
82
University of Santo Tomas Archives:Possesses the biggest collection
Baybayin – literally means syllables
By 13th or 14th century,Baybayin was in regular use
Baybayin
83
Printed by Keng Yong but undated
Scholars estimate the printing dateto be around 1590
Found in 1948: by Fray Jose Ma. Gonzales of the Dominican Order in Manila
Doctrina CristianaDoctrina Christiana en letra y China
84
Printed using xylographicpress printing technique
Printed by Juan de Vera,a Chinese convert
Found in Italy and purchased in 1946by Lessing J. Rosenwald
Doctrina CristianaDoctrina Christiana en lengua espanola y tagala
85
Regarded as the 1st landmark grammar book
1st book written by a native Filipino
Tomas Pinpin – regarded as the First Filipino printer and Patriarch of Filipino Printers
Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala
86
Another book by Tomas Pinpin
Printed in 1610
Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castila
87
No known surviving copy
1st book – printed by movable type in 1602
2nd book – written in the Philippines
Others
San José, Francisco de Libro de nuestra señora del rosario en lengua y letra tagala de Filipinas
88
1st typography book printed in 1604
Printed by Juan de Vera
Also printed by de Vera
Others
Libro de los Cuatro Postrimerias del Hombre
By Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose
Ordinationes Generales
By Juan de Castro
89
Filipiniana Rare
Those published before the year of liberation
(1945)
Those printed as early as 1600s
Rare Materials
Majority of the books came from Europe
Came from the old University
Many are written in Latin
30,00 volumes5,000 titles
90
Lopez Museum and Library
1524:Oldest book
16-19th c. collections such as maps
16-19th c. rare books of various subjects
17-19th c. rare periodicals
Also a museum of Filipiniana art
1945-1972 newspaper clippings
91
92
93
Rare Books
From polemic writings to personal recollection of battles in the Phil.
18th c. grammars of Phil. lang. to 20th c. studies on Phil. flora &
fauna
17th c. historical accounts to 20th c. reports of the Phil. Commission
Early 1600s to the mid-1900s holdings on Philippine arts and
letters, religion and politic, social and natural sciences
94
95
A one-step resource center for Filipiniana resources
Aims to provide a one-search engine for researchers and students
Provides a venue of interaction
http://www.librarylink.org.ph/
Social Responsiveness and Involvement
97
Libraries are a strategic investment
Libraries are a community resource
With over 75 current partner libraries and 8 institutional partners
A coalition of local and international partners
Aims to empower over 2 million citizen
Build at least 200 community education centers by 2020
98
99
AGAPP Foundation
100
Heneral Basa
101
Heneral Basa
102
Green Library Project in Baguio
By Dhodie de Guzman
ASEAN Economic Integration
104
105
A Partnership in Dynamic Development
ASEAN Vision 2020
A Concert of Southeast Asian Nations
A Community ofCaring Societies
An Outward-lookingASEAN
106
A Partnership in Dynamic Development
Forge closer economic integration within ASEAN
To create a stable, prosperous, and highly competitive ASEAN
Economic Region
To sustain ASEAN’s high economic performance
To move towards closer cohesion and economic
integration
To enhance ASEAN economic cooperation
ASEAN Vision 2020
107
The ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) Article V: Recognition, states that ASEAN Member States may recognize the education or experience obtained, requirements met, or licenses or certifications granted in another ASEAN Member State, fro the purpose of licensing or certification of service suppliers.
(Manzala, 2013)
Recognition of Professional Qualifications
108
Conceptual Framework
Qualifications
Mobility of Professionals
ASEAN MRAASEAN Mutual Recognition
Arrangements
AQRFASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework
PQFPhilippine Qualifications
Framework
ASEAN MRAASEAN Mutual Recognition
Arrangements
Recognition of
AQRFASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework
Harmonization of
PQFPhilippine Qualifications
Framework
Development of
(Manzala, 2013)
109
Professional
Professional
ASEAN MRA: Recognition
Has certificate of not having violated any professional or ethical standards
Has employment experience
Has required qualifications
Complied with CPD requirements
Has valid registration and license
Has no pending administrative or legal proceeding
Recognitionof
Qualificationsby
Host Country
(Manzala, 2013)
110
• Once qualification of an ASEAN Librarian is recognized, he/she will be registered in the registry.
• Once registered, he/she is qualified to work in any ASEAN country or where the Philippines has established an MRA.
Goal: Librarians ASEAN Registry
111
Diversity in LIS curricula among
the ASEAN countries
Information about LIS education is not available for some countries
Some ASEAN countries do not
yet offer LIS courses
Concern: LIS Curricula
112
Regional Accreditation
No system for accrediting LIS education programs
A proposal for regional accreditation has been submitted to CONSAL
Countries in the Southeast region follow different educational systems
Levels
AssessmentRecognition
AccreditationEndorsement
113
Concern: Qualifications Framework
The present graduates of Library Science in the Philippines lack two years of basic education
Diversity of the Qualifications Framework among ASEAN countries lead to difficulty in harmonization
114
Rationale: knowledge obsolescence
CPD enhances that knowledge and leads
to continuing certification
Library schools provide basic knowledge
Ask yourself,“What kind of librarian
do I want to be?”
Concern: Continuing Professional Development
The minimum requirement for
employment in some ASEAN nations is a
masters degree in LIS
115
Seminars/ Workshops
Self Directed and/or Lifelong
Learning
Post-graduate/ Specialty Training
CPD Activities
116
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Qualifications(A)
Qualifications(B)
Country(A)
Country(B)
AQRF
8
ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework
(Cueto, 2015)
117
Main Objectives
Promote mobility of professionals and workers
Support recognition of qualifications
Domains of Level Descriptors
Application and responsibility
Knowledge and skill
ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework (AQRF)
118
Fear of losing their jobs
Low enrollment = low passing rate in LLE
State of the libraries in the Philippines
Requirement of the CPD due to costs
involved
Some Concerns of Filipino Librarians
Readiness of librarians in terms of
qualifications and attitude
119
Filipino librarians could work in countries where the MRA has
been worked out
Benefits of AEC 2015 for the LIS Profession
Qualification of Filipino librarians will be at par with those in other
ASEAN nations
Librarians will continuously improve their qualifications and
be more competitive through continuing development
programs
Philippine libraries can network with libraries in other ASEAN
countries
Conclusions and Concerns
121
Professional formal training centers for librarians for
continuing education
What we lackfrom Fe Versoza
Funding organizations that offer financial and intellectual support for continuing education efforts
Postgraduate training centers offering formal courses
Professional retraining program
122
Some librarians are not aware of their roles and duties
Concerns
Philippine libraries are still not ready to take the lead for
ASEANization
LIS education is facing inadequacies and has no mutual
recognition agreement yet
LIS is not considered as an outcome-based education
123
CMO 46 S. 2012 “Policy standard to enhance quality assurance (QA) in the Philippine higher education
institution through and Outcomes Based and Typology based QA”
Learning Resources and Support Structure
Prelude to “ASEANization”
Practicum laboratoriesLibraries
Linkages with the relevant disciplines and professional sectors
Relevant educational resources
Acquisition and upgrading of knowledge,
skills, values and qualifications throughout all stages of a person’s
life
Support all forms of learning including formal
learning, non-formal learning, and informal
learning
Promote the development of
competencies that will enable citizens to adapt to a knowledge-based
society
124
Credits
• Lourdes David of Professional Regulatory Board for Librarians
• Milagros Ong of Supreme Court of the Philippines
• King Aaron Cruz of University of the Philippines Diliman
125
ReferencesHernandez, V. (1993). Trends in Philippine History. International Federation of Library
Associations and Institutions. Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Retrieved from http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/papers/039-138e.htm
Laguna Copperplate Inscription. (2015, April 21). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription
Perez, R. Philippine Librarianship: Educational, Institutional, and Professional History.
Philippine Librarians Association. (2009, February 24). Retrieved from WikiPilipinas: http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Philippine_Librarians_Association
Professional Regulatory Board for Librarians. (2012). Beyond the Bookstacks – Challenges, Issues, Strategies Open to Librarians Today: Road Map of the Philippine Library Profession.
Professional Regulatory Board for Librarians. (2015). Problem Solving Skills, Competencies Building, and Mutual Recognition Arrangements with ASEAN Countries.
126
References
Quirante, J. (2006, Spring). Librarianship in the Philippines. Retrieved from University of Hawaii System: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~wertheim/610Quirantephilippines.html
Reyes, M. B. (n.d.). Ecclesiasticle Archives. Retrieved from http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=175
Rosales, R. (2008, June). Documentary Sources on the History of Manila at the Archdiocesan Archives of Manila. CORMOSEA Bulletin No 31, 1-8.
Ubay, R., Ubay2, R., Ubay3, R., & Ubay4, R. (n.d.). Exploring Filipiniana Books and the State of Filipiniana. Rare Books Management. Retrieved from http://library.ifla.org/12/1/095-ubay-en.pdf
Vallejo, R. (n.d.). Books and Bookmaking in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=195
127
Thank you for listening!