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PHILOSOPHY AN INTRODUCTION
PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is the science of the logical foundation of all knowledge
It is the first logical science Philosophy is the highest generalization
which scientific research suggest. It consist of great unifying truth, the science
of sciences.
PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is: (a) the attempt to acquire knowledge (b) by rational means (c) about topics that do not seem amenable to empirical investigation.
Condition (a) distinguishes philosophy from creative disciplines such as literature or music. (b) distinguishes philosophy from mysticism and some varieties of religion. (c) distinguishes philosophy from the empirical sciences.
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KNOWLEDGE
What you didn’t knowYou didn’t know that you didn’t knowSince you didn’t know you didn’t miss what you didn’t know
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WHAT IS ‘PHILOSOPHY’?
Philia =“love” sophia = “wisdom.” (Pythagoras.) Love for wisdom
Knowledge + Action = Wisdom
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing ." (Socrates)
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PHILOSOPHICAL PROCESS
Set the Limit
Know the essence
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VALID KNOWLEDGE
Imagination 60%
Wishful thinking 20%
Belief 15%
Essence 05%
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DESIRE TO KNOW
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HOW TO KNOW?
Calm down to know
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PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS
Who created universe?
What is the nature of reality? Is the world really as it appears to beWhat makes an action right or wrong? Is the universe interested in good or evil?
The process of reflecting and criticizing basic belief
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METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY
Reasoning to evaluate an argument
Knowledge should be used with the present context
Power of Voice Dialectic: an interchange of ideas.Dialogue: an exchange of argumentArgument = A claim with reasons offered in support of it
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HI(S)TORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Ancient
• Ancient - B.C. 600 ~ C.E.
Medieval
• Medieval - 600 ~ 1600
Modern
• Modern - 1600 ~ 1900
Contemporary
• Contemporary- 1600 - Present
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ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY B.C. 600 ~ C.E.
Cosmocentric
Beginning of everything
Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY – 600 ~ 1600
Theocentric: the study of the existence, nature, and essence of
God;
Ethical: existence of evil and the immortality of the soul
St. Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, Tertullian
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MODERN PHILOSOPHY – 1600 ~ 1900
Anthropocentric: the study of man (in relation to himself, others,
nature, and God)
Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant
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CONTEMPORARY – 1900 ~ PRESENT
Explosive: it has no center
Auguste Comte, Henri Bergson, Jean-Paul Sartre
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BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy
Logic Metaphysics
Epistemology Ethics
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WHAT IS EPISTEMOLOGY?
Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-, "knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge
• How knowledge is relates to truth, belief, and justification.
• The means of production of knowledge• Skepticism about different knowledge claims
• James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864)
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EPISTEMOLOGICAL QUESTIONS
What is knowledge?
What do people know?
Is human knowledge trustworthy?
Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom
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LOGIC
A philosophical study on the correct processes of thinking.
The systematic study of argument
The rule of inference
Distinguishing valid from invalid argument
Examination fallacies
Using correct argument patterns
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METAPHYSICS
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The systematic study of argument
The rule of inference
Examination fallacies
Using correct argument patterns
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ETHICS
A philosophical study on the morality (goodness or badness) of human actions (conduct)
What should one do?
Descriptive – Sociology
Normative – Prescriptive
Mataethics – How do we arrive at moral judgment?
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THANKS