Download - Phoneme my intro
FOƱNI:M ƏND DɪSTɪŊ(K)TɪV FI:TƩƏR ΘI:ƏRI:
phoneme and distinctive feature
theory
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Hina Javaid
Tahira Akbar
Presenters
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DIFFERENCE?
kit
skill
sack
We pronounce them differently but we know they are the
same sound.
How do we know two sounds are the same or different?
[kh]Initial
/k/
[ko]after s
[k]elsewhere
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PHONOLOGY Phonology is how speech sounds are
organized and affect one another in
pronunciation.
Key terms: Phone Phoneme allophone
This organization is explained in phonological rules
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CONCEPTUALITY
Articulatory phonetics
Real sounds = phones
• [p], [t], [k]• [i], [æ]
• Phonology
• system and rules of sound patterns
• Abstractions = phoneme
• /p/, /t/, /k/• /i/, /æ/
• Inventory of sounds and how they are realized.
CAN U IDENTIFY SMALLEST SEGMENT OF : SIGN LANGUAGE
ORSIGN WRITING?
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Phonetics•Pho
ne
Phonology•Pho
neme
PHONEME
a PHONEME is the minimal distinctive (contrastive ) linguistic sound
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Phon
eme
Mental unit Meaningful Not
realized
Phon
e
Physical/
environmental
unit
Meaningless Realized
Allop
hone
Phonetic unit Variation of
phoneme
variations
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phoneme (from the Greek: φώνημα, phōnēma, "a sound
uttered") is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances. (Wikipedia)
Segment: "any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech."
1. separate and individual,
such as consonants and vowels,
2. occur in a distinct temporal order
multiple segments vowels, consonants
supra-segmentaltone,stress,
length,intonation secondary articulations
nasalizationvowel harmony
Marginal segmentsonomatopoeic words,
interjections, loan words Source: Wikipedia
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PHONEME
A unit of speech that can be used to differentiate
words(e.g.“cat”/kaet/vs.“bat”/baet/).
Phonemes identify minimal pairs in a language.
The set of phonemes in a language subject to interpretation;
most languages have 20 to 40 phonemes.
The phoneme cannot therefore be acoustically defined. The
phoneme is instead a feature of language structure.
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Defi ning phoneme
E a s y ?
NO
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What sort of entity is
the phoneme?
what is the contentof the
phoneme
how does one
identify phonemes
Issues
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1. WHAT SORT OF ENTITY IS THE PHONEME?
Twaddell (1935) 1) phoneme is a physical reality
“count for practical purposes as if they were one and the same.” JONES (1967: 258)
2) it is a psychological notion a mental or psychological reality the phoneme is a constant acoustic and auditory image (Sommerfelt); a
thought sound (Beni); a sound idea (Trubetzkoy); a psychological equivalent of an empirical sound (UÓaszyn);
In modern terms: phoneme is some sort of mental representation
TWADDELL criticized this mental phenomenon
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2. WHAT IS THE CONTENT OF THE PHONEME
What are phonemes made of? How are they represented?
what position specific phoneme takes in the given phonemic system.
Which phoneme is in the opposition to a specific phoneme
Sapir (1925, 1933) Sapir’s “point in the pattern.”
phoneme as a set of contrastively underspecified features
This notion further corresponded to the theory of Distinctive feature
⇒ this underspecification theory has been proposed under generative
phonology under the name Modified Contrastive Specification
underspecified, in the
sense that itconsists only of contrastive
properties and other
features are omitted
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CONTINUE… Prague School: Phonemic make-up or content
phonemic make-up(Jakobson) phonemic content of the phoneme (Trubetzkoy)
those properties which are common to all variants of a phoneme
Each phoneme has a definable phonemic content only because the system of distinctive oppositions shows a definite order or structure.
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3. HOW DOES ONE IDENTIFY PHONEMES
Practical aspect of phoneme: phonemic analysis
whether a sound is a single phoneme (/ts/,/nd/, or /oe/) a sequence of phonemes (/t-s/, /n-d/, or /s-j/).
Minimal pair Differ in one phonological element (phone, phoneme, toneme
or chroneme ) complementary distribution Contrastive distribution Free variation Mutation methods
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SPOT THE ODD ONE OUT
Look carefully at the words below. Can you spot the phoneme that is common to
each set? Which word doesn’t share the common
phoneme?
tree feet grew sleep rain pain mail slap know seat grow show Boat away play stay
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VIEWS OF WHAT THE PHONEME IS Empiricist notion: Twaddell
the phoneme is a collection of sounds (a fictitious unit )
Mentalist: Chomsky ( realistic view) the phoneme is the mental category that corresponds
to a coherent set of sounds in a language
American structuralist tradition: a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and
environments
generative tradition: a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features.
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BLOOMFIELD’S PHONEME “The smallest units which make a difference in meaning”
“A minimum unit of distinctive sound feature” (p. 77). non-mentalistic unit
He identifies “primary” (segmental sounds) and “secondary” (stress and tone) phonemes according to their function in language (primary: syllable forming; secondary: structuring larger units).
Phonemes are defined by their participation in structural sets. (syllabic, open-syllable, closed syllable, non-syllabic, initial, medial, final, initial cluster, final cluster, etc.)
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COMMON PHONEMIC RULES
Aspiration [h] Unreleased Stop [ ̚ ] Flap [ɾ] Dental Consonants [⊓] Velarization [ɫ] Voicelessness [˚] Vowel lengthening [׃] Vowel nasalization [~]
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Phonemic Awareness is a subset of
phonological awareness in which listeners are able to
hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning.
Separating the spoken word "cat" into three distinct
phonemes,
/k/, /æ/, and /t/, requires phonemic awareness skill.
Phonemic Awareness
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Isolating Hear and isolate sounds in initial, medial or final
positions in word (e.g. bat, ball, bell, pal)
Segmenting Pronounce each phoneme in order as it occurs in word
(bat >> b-a-t)
Blending Combine phonemes to make a word (hear sh-ip and
say ship)
Manipulating Add or delete sounds in word to make new word (add a “t” to an” and say ant; replace the sound “d” in
sad with a “t” and say sat)
COMMON TYPES OF PHONEMIC AWARENESS
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THEORETICAL TIMELINE OF PHONEME
Ancient forerunners of modern descriptive linguistics (P¯ANINI, PATAÑJALI
(India), the Greeks & “Anon” (Iceland, 12th C.)) clearly recognized the
systematic nature between distinctive sound properties and the identity of
words in their languages
DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913) used “phonème”, first as a term for speech
sounds, later as a purely functional entity.
A. Dufriche-Desgenettes 1873
French word phonème as a speech soundSource: B. Elan Dresher
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TIMELINE… Structuralism (Ferdinand de Saussure(1879), E. Sapir, and L. Bloomfield)
Tried to eliminate cognitive and psycholinguistic function of phoneme
Used to refer to a hypothesized sound in a proto-language together with its
reflexes in the daughter languages
Polish Kazan school (Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay and MikoÓaj Kruszewski
1875–1895)
As an abstract set of alternating invariant psycho phonetic elements : fonema,
Prague School 1926–1935
the first group to formulate an explicit phonological theory
Generative linguistics (Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle) modern phonology