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Photo: Mary Huffman/TNC
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Source: Bowman et al. 2013
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Base map:http://www.hdwallpapers‐3d.com/satellite‐world‐map%E2%80%8E/satellite‐world‐map%E2%80%8E‐2/
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Photos : Upper left and lower right by Mary Huffman/TNC; upper right from http://ozoutback.com.au/Australia/abdancent/slides/1986042703.html;lower left from Way, Albert G. 2006. Environmental History, Vol. 11, No. 3, p524.
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Source: The Siskiyou Project. Significant Wildland Fires In the United States - 1825 to 2003. http://www.siskiyou.org/issues/fire/historical%20wildfires.cfm
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Weather: “prolonged and widespread drought and high temperatures, capped off by a cyclonic storm in early October.”
( D.C. Hipke. 2001. )
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• Settlement & Industry:
– Farming: clearing of hardwood growth for farm crops; "slash and burn" methods.
– Logging: Slash from the huge, virgin pine forest was intentionally burned, or left in piles in the woods and clearings creating dry tinder for forest fires.
– Railroads: trees and brush cleared from rights‐of‐way were left by the wayside. In dry weather, sparks from steam engines often ignited grass, brush and slash.
– Industry: Sawmills and factories, with large supplies of raw materials (logs), product (lumber, woodenwares) and waste (bark, sawdust).
– Construction: Wooden buildings, board walks, sawdust floors and streets (Hipke 2001).
( D.C. Hipke. 2001. )
Social
Biological
Geophysical
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1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Start of major German
immigration to state
Pioneers & Homesteaders: 1st waves of immigrants from Europe (Irish, English, Norwegian, Swiss,
Dutch, German)
By 1850, 44,000 Norwegians in
state
Swedes start coming to Wisconsin
Large numbers of Poles start
coming to Wisconsin
Italians come to state, mostly to
cities in SE Wisconsin
WWI - war and prewar policies
curtail immigration
WWII and Depression limit and constrain immigration
Displaced Persons Act -spurs some immigration
Mexican migrant workers come to Wisconsin in large numbers
Hmong refugees first come to Wisconsin
Large numbers of Latinos start immigrating to
state
Who had Immigrated to Wisconsin by 1871?
Source: Long and Veroff 2007
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Photo: http://www.ruby‐sapphire.com/images/madagascar_sorcerers/madagascar_lemur_low.jpgMap: Adapted from FAO 2004. http://www.wildmadagascar.org/maps/environmental_constraints.html
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Photos: Wild Madagascar: http://photos.wildmadagascar.org/images/fire_0093.shtml; Wildlife Extra: http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/madagascar‐conservation.html
Social
Biological
Geophysical
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fianarantsoa‐people.jpg
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Kafue National Park and Adjacent Game Management AreasZambia, Africa
Photos courtesy of McRee Anderson/TNC
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Photo courtesy of McRee Anderson/TNC
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Photo courtesy of McRee Anderson/TNC
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Photos: Andrew Edwards, Bushfire Northern Territories, Australia;Ludo Kuipers, OzOutback Internet Services http://www.ozoutback.com.au
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Photo: Andrew Edwards/ Bushfire Northern Territories
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Photo: Geoffrey Lipsett‐Moore/TNC
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http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jul/30/zaragoza‐smarter‐urban‐water‐zaragoza‐spain‐learned‐to‐use‐less Photo: Pedro Armestre/AFP/Getty Images
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http://www.themalaymailonline.com/world/article/wild‐blazes‐in‐spain‐destroy‐hundreds‐of‐hectares
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Source: http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/efi_rr24.pdfPhoto: ADCIF, MARM
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https://vimeo.com/67006241
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http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/desarrollo‐rural/temas/politica‐forestal/pdemedioseprif2015_tcm7‐392002.jpg
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Source: US Forest Servicehttp://www.fs.fed.us/greatestgood/images/gallery/smokey/SmokeytheBear/photos/photo11.shtml
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Photo: http://www.ranches.org/tppba.htmMap and headers: http://pbatexas.org/
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Photo: Will Harling/MKWC
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https://gotstorycountdown.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/smokejumpers_hotshots.jpg
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Photo: Mary Huffman/TNC
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Photo: Mary Huffman/TNC