Download - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CAPTURING ENERGYChapter 6
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ENERGY
Autotrophs – Organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances and energy (ATP).– Use photosynthesis – converting light energy into
chemical energy– Store chemical energy as organic compounds
(like carbohydrates)– EX: plants, algae, and some bacteria
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS6CO2+6H2O+light C6H12O6+6O2
A biochemical pathway that involves a complex series of chemical reactions
The product of this reaction is consumed in the next reaction
Process supports virtually all life on Earth
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Understanding Photosynthesis
1. Jan Van Helmont (1600’s) – set up an experiment to understand how a small seed grew to a large tree– Concluded that plants need water to grow.
2. Joseph Priestly (1771) – set up an experiment with a candle…he discovered a candle in a jar died out but a candle in a jar with a plant continued burning.
3. Jan Ingenhousz (1779)– found that the plant/candle experiment only worked when the plant was exposed to sunlight– Concluded: light is necessary for plants to produce oxygen
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The Nature of Light
Visible Spectrum – the separation of white light into different colors (wavelengths)
PIGMENT – a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects or transmits others
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Chloroplasts- organelle that contains chlorophyll and other pigments; site of photosynthesis
Contains:– Thylakoids – disk-shaped structures
that contain photosynthetic pigments – Grana – Stacks of thylakoids
(resemble stacks of pancakes)– Stroma – Solution surrounding the
thylakoids– Chlorophyll- light collecting
pigment located on the thylakoid disks
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CHLOROPHYLL and PIGMENTS
The most common and important photosynthetic pigments in plants and algae.
Absorbs violet, blue, and red lights.Reflect and Transmit Green light – giving plants their
GREEN color.– Chlorophyll a – primary photosynthetic pigment– Accessory Pigments – Chlorophyll b and carotenoids
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LIGHT REACTIONS
Initial reactions of photosynthesis Begins with absorption of light in
chloroplasts (in the thylakoids) to create chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
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Light rxn.
animation
• Water molecules are split, creating electrons, protons, and oxygen as a byproduct
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Light rxn. Cont.
Reactants: H2O + Sunlight Products: O2 + ATP + NADPH (energy carrier) + H+
(used later)
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ChemiosmosisThe synthesis of ATPOccurs when there is a concentration gradient
of protons across the thylakoid membraneADP ATP
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CALVIN CYCLE
Second set of reactions in photosynthesis
Is not dependent on lightOccurs in the stroma
(liquid area of the chloroplast) when ATP and NADPH are present
Makes stored energy (in the form of carbs) that the plant can use
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How is this done?
Carbon fixation: carbon atoms are bonded (“fixed”) into organic compounds
aided by enzymesReactants: CO2 + ATP + NADPH + H+
Products: O2 + C6H12O6
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisHH22OO COCO22
OO22 CC66HH1212OO66
Light ReactionLight Reaction Dark ReactionDark Reaction
Light is AdsorbedLight is AdsorbedBy By
ChlorophyllChlorophyll
Which splitsWhich splitswaterwater
ChloroplastChloroplast
ATP andATP andNADPHNADPH22
ADPADPNADPNADP
Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle
EnergyEnergy
Used Energy and is Used Energy and is recycled.recycled.
++
++
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The rate of photosynthesis varies:
1. light intensity2. amount of CO2
3. temperature
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Notebook quiz
1) Write the equation for photosynthesis out in words?
2) Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions occur?
3) What are the products of the light reaction?4) What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?5) What is the primary photosynthetic pigment
in plants?
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ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS
STOMATA – small pores in leaves of plants
• C4 Plants – close stomata during hot parts of the day (still able to produce carbohydrates)• EX: corn, sugar cane, crabgrass
• CAM Plants – open stomata at night and close them during the day…producing organic compounds at night• EX: cactus, pineapples
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MAKING ENERGYanimation
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+6H2O+ energy(ATP)The complex process in which cells make ATP by
breaking down organic compounds Heterotrophs – Organisms that obtain energy from
eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs
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GLYCOLYSIS
The beginning of cellular respirationGlucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic
acidProduces very little ATP and NADH
glucose pyruvic acid
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GLYCOLYSIS PRODUCTION
Glycolysis USES 2 ATP molecules to start the pathway
Glycolysis MAKES 4 ATP molecules at the end of glycolysis
Therefore, glycolysis produces: – Net total of 2 ATP– NADH – 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid
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– With Oxygen…glycolysis is followed by AEROBIC RESPIRATION to produce more ATP• Examples of aerobic exercise: long distance
activities– Without Oxygen…glycolysis is followed by
FERMENTATION (anaerobic respiration) producing no ATP• Examples of anaerobic exercise: sprinting
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FERMENTATION
Without Oxygen…Glycolysis goes to Anaerobic Respiration
Does not produce ATPRecycles NAD+ from NADPH to keep glycolysis
going2 most common fermentation pathways:
– LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION– ETHYL ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
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LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acidHelps produce some foods
ex) yogurts and cheesesAlso occurs in your muscle cells
during very strenuous exerciseex) sprinting
As lactic acid accumulates…it reduces the ability of the muscle cells to contract…resulting in fatigue, pain, and cramping
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ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
Used by some plant cells and unicellular organisms
Converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcoholUsed in the wine and beer industries and in the
making of breads
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AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Occurs when Oxygen is present in the cellPyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and water Produces large amounts of ATPTakes place in the mitochondria
2 major stages:The Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
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THE PRODUCTION OF ATP
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THE KREB’S CYCLE
Occurs in the mitochondrial MATRIX (space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria)
Biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA, and produces CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP
1 Glucose molecule gives 2 cycles of the Kreb’s cycle and produces:– 6 NADH– 2 FADH2
– 2 ATP– 4 CO2
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Second stage of aerobic respiration…occurs along the many folds (cristae) of the mitochondria
4 NADH from Glycolysis produce a total of 12 ATP
6 NADH from Kreb’s produce a total of 18 ATP2 FADH2 from Kreb’s produce a total of 4 ATPElectron Transport Chain Produces a TOTAL
of 34 ATP
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
THE ENTIRE PROCESS CAN PRODUCE A TOTAL OF 38 ATP
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Why do leaves change color in the fall?
How do annuals and perennials survive winter?Why do deciduous trees loose their leaves and
evergreens do not loose their needles?Why do the leaves fall from the trees in autumn?How and why do the leaves separate from the tree?What is anthocyanin?Name other pigments that appear in leaves after the
chlorophyll disappears.Where is the best place to see the color change? Why?
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Photosynthesis Comic DirectionsCreate a minimum 6 slide comic strip summarizing
the process of photosynthesis .Be sure to include the reactants and products of the light and dark reactions.
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Cellular Respiration Poster!
Design a poster summarizing all important parts of the stages of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.– Show how all of the processes are related– Be creative – Be prepared to show your poster to the rest of
the class and explain its contents
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Notebook Quiz
Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
What are the (3) products of glycolysis?After glycolysis, what determines the next
step?What type of fermentation occurs in animal
cells?What are the 2 steps of aerobic respiration?How many ATP are produced in cellular
respiration?
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Notebook Quiz
1. What is the primary photosynthetic pigment in plants?2. In photosynthesis, where do the light reactions occur?
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?3. What is the chemical energy produced in
photosynthesis?4. What molecule made in photosynthesis is “burned” in
cellular respiration?5. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs.6. What are the 3 products of glycolysis?7. After glycolysis, what determines the next step?