![Page 1: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the
simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s)
from a given set of observations
Observations are:
• The taxa we wish to study (the ingroup)
• The characters (traits, features) possessed by the taxa
We seek to find the most parsimonious tree possible to explain the distribution of traits observed in the taxa
![Page 2: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
?
![Page 3: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 Alternative, Mutally-Exclusive Dichotomous Cladograms
How Do We Choose Between Them?
![Page 4: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outgroup
(Not an Ancestor, but a Stand-in to represent the Ancestral Condition)
PP RD CEFur/Mane No Yes Yes YesToes/Foot Many Toes One Hoof One Hoof One HoofWings No No Yes YesHorn No No No YesEyes Yes Yes Yes YesTail Yes Yes Yes YesMouth Yes Yes Yes Yes
Primitive (ancestral) State Derived (advanced) State
CharactersTaxa
![Page 5: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Outgroup PP RD CEFur/Mane No Yes Yes YesToes/Foot Many Toes One Hoof One Hoof One HoofWings No No Yes YesHorn No No No YesEyes Yes Yes Yes YesTail Yes Yes Yes YesMouth Yes Yes Yes Yes
CharactersTaxa
Fur/ManeOne Hoof
Wings
Horn
EyesTailMouth
Primitive characters shared by all taxa are not informative
Derived character states found in only one taxon are not informative
3 Steps (evolutionary transitions from primitive advanced) to explain this tree
![Page 6: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Outgroup PPRD CEFur/Mane No YesYes YesToes/Foot Many Toes One HoofOne Hoof One HoofWings No NoYes Yes
CharactersTaxa
Fur/ManeOne Hoof
Wings
Wings4 Steps (with wings developing convergently)
Wings
Loss of Wings
4 Steps (with wings developing in ancestral pony, and lost in PP)
OR
![Page 7: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Outgroup PP RDCEFur/Mane No Yes YesYesToes/Foot Many Toes One Hoof One HoofOne HoofWings No No YesYes
CharactersTaxa
Fur/ManeOne Hoof
Wings
Wings4 Steps (with wings developing convergently)
Wings
Loss of Wings
4 Steps (with wings developing in ancestral pony, and lost in PP)
OR
![Page 8: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3 Steps
4 Steps
4 Steps
Preferred Tree (Most Parsimonious)
![Page 9: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1 origin of horns; wings either lost once or convergent)
1 origin of wings; horns either lost once or convergent)
?
![Page 10: Phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest (i.e., most parsimonious) tree(s) from a given set of observations Observations are: The taxa we wish](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082818/56649ebb5503460f94bc36c2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Polytomy (many branches)
A CONSENSUS TREE