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Phylum Porifera Sponges
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PHYLUM PORIFERA
• Sponges
• oldest of all animals
• few specialized cells
• sessile – can’t move
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Sponge Body Plan • asymmetrical• wall of cells around a large, central cavity• choanocytes – use flagella to create a water current
through the sponge• water enters through pores and leaves through the osculum (large hole in the top of the sponge)
• current provides a way for feeding, respiration, excretion, and circulation
• very simple skeleton made of spicules (spikes made from calcium carbonate or silica)
• spicules are made by archaeocytes (mobile cells in the sponge wall)
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Spicules
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Spicules
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Feeding
• filter feeders• choanocytes trap food particles
suspended in water and pass them to archaeocytes for digestion
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Respiration, Excretion, Circulation
• current brings in oxygen dissolved in the water; diffuses into cells
• carbon dioxide and ammonia diffuse out and are carried away by current
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Response
• no nervous system; can’t respond to stimuli
• some sponges produce toxins to protect themselves
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Reproduction: Sexual• sponges can produce both sperm and
eggs (usually not at same time)• sperm released into water and swim to
another sponge• sperm enters sponge through pores and
archaeocytes carry to egg• fertilization is internal• larva forms from zygote and swims away
to form another sponge
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Reproduction: Asexual• part of a sponge breaks off and forms a
new sponge when it settles on the ocean floor (process called budding)
• gemmules may be formed when conditions are unfavorable
• gemmule is an archaeocyte surrounded by spicules
• gemmule may form a new sponge when conditions are favorable
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Sponge Ecology• sponges often live with other animals• provide a home for many• many have a symbiotic relationship with
photosynthetic organisms• form a fundamental part of coral reefs
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