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PHYS420:Astrophysics&Cosmology
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Dr RichardH.CyburtAssistantProfessorofPhysics
Myoffice:402cintheScienceBuilding
Myphone:(304)384-6006
Myemail:[email protected]
Mywebpage:www.concord.edu/rcyburt
Inpersonoremailisthebestwaytogetaholdofme.
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MyOfficeHoursTR5:30-17:00amW4:00-6:00pm
Meetingsmayalsobearrangedatothertimes,byappointment
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JointSpringMeetingoftheAppalachianandChesapeakeSectionsoftheAAPTSaturday,April22atConcordUniversity($15/students/guests,$25/AAPT)
§ 8:00– 8:45RegistrationandContinentalBreakfast§ 8:45– 11:45ContributedTalksandDemosI§ 11:45– 12:45Lunch§ 12:45– 1:30PosterSession§ 1:30– 2:30Invitedlecture§ 2:30– 3:15ContributedTalksandDemosII§ 3:15– 4:15Invitedworkshop§ 4:15– 5:00CSAAPTBusinessMeeting(allarewelcome)
Invitedlecture:AstrophysicalHoyleStateEnhancement,Dr.RichardH.Cyburt,ConcordUniversity
InvitedWorkshop:WomenandMinoritiesintheHistoryofPhysics,RoleModelsforToday,Dr.GregoryGood,TheSpencerWeart Director,CenterforHistoryofPhysicsAmericanInstituteofPhysics
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DouglasAdamsHitchhiker’sGuidetotheGalaxy
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6
OverviewofourGalaxy….Sofar… Dark Halo
Halo
Thick Disk and Metal-Weak Thick Disk
Thin Disk
Bulge
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chemicalevolutionZentrum
fuer
Astron
omieun
dAstrop
hysik
,TUBe
rlin
Wearemadeofstardust!Þ Oldstarscontainfewerelements(e.g.iron)thanyoungerstars
Alltheatoms(exceptH,He&Li)werecreatedinstars!PopIII:zero-metallicitystarsPopII:oldhalostarsPopI:youngdiskstars
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Alongtimeago...
today
Cosmictime(nottoscale)
BigBang
Larson&Bromm2001
2nd andlatergenerationsofstars(<1M¤)
Firststars(100M¤)
firstgalaxies today’sgalaxies
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Newton’sStaticUniverseUniverseisstaticandcomposedofaninfinitenumberofstarsthatarescatteredrandomlythroughoutaninfinitespace.Universeisinfinitelyoldandwillexistforeverwithoutanymajorchanges.TimeandSpacearesteadyandindependentofoneanotherandanyobjectsinexistencewithinthem.
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Newton’sError
IfuniverseisashowNewtondescribes,thenwhyistheskydarkatnight?
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Olber’s ParadoxIfspacegoesonforeverwithstarsscatteredrandomlythroughout,theninanylineofsightinanydirectionwilleventuallyrunintoastar.Usingthislogic,theskyshouldbetheaveragebrightnessofallofthesestars;theskyshouldbeasbrightasthesun,evenatnight.
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Butisn’ttheskydarkatnight…?
Yes,ofcourse- thatiswhatweobservenowandhavealwaysobserved.
SomethingiswrongwithNewton’sideaofastatic,infiniteuniverse.
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Einstein’sRelativityEinsteinoverturnedpartofNewton’stheorywithhistheoriesofspecialandgeneralrelativity- timeandspacewereindeedrelated,asweretheobjectsexistingwithinthem.
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SpecialRelativity
TimeandSpaceandtheirratesareintertwinedanddependonthemotionoftheobserver(1905).Inertialframesofreference(noacceleration)
Thespeedoflightisalawofphysics
Thelawsofphysicsshouldn’tchangejustdototherelativemotionofobservers.
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GeneralRelativityGravitycouldn’tbemadeorremadetofitwithinSpecialRelativity.Gravitationisalawofphysics,butnotconsistentwithSpecialRelativity???Gravitybendsthefabricofspacetime- thematterthatoccupiestheuniverseinfluencestheoverallshapeofspaceandtherateoftime(1916).Non-inertialframesofreference(acceleration)andyoucan’ttellthedifferencebetweenacceleratinginanelevatorandgravity.
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ImplicationsofEinstein’sIdeasBasedonthegeneralrelativityequations,thestructureofuniverseiseitheralwaysexpanding,alwayscontracting,oralwaysstatic.Toagreewiththeideasofthetime(Newton’s),Einsteinaddeda“cosmologicalconstant”whichyieldedastaticuniverse.
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CosmologicalConstantRepresentsthepressurethatallowstheuniverse’sexpansiontodirectlybalancegravitationalcollapseduetotheobjectsexistingwithintheuniverse,thusyieldingastaticuniverse.Withoutthisideaofa“cosmologicalconstant”,Einsteincould’vebeenthefirsttopredictthattheuniverseisnotstatic.
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Hubble’sDiscoveryEdwinHubble’sobservationsofremotegalaxies,andtheredshiftoftheirspectrallines(1924).Hubblenoticedthatthefurtherawaythegalaxy,thegreatertheredshiftofitsspectrallines.ThislinearrelationshipiscalledHubble’sLaw.
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A9.html
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RedshiftThewavelengthsofthelightemittedbydistantobjectsiselongatedasittravelstoearth.Longerthelighttravels,themoreitgetsredshifted.
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A9.html
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Hubble’sLawv=H0d
v=recessionalvelocityofthegalaxyH0 =Hubbleconstant(rateofexpansiontoday)d =distanceofgalaxytoearth
Galaxiesaregettingfartherapartastimeprogresses,thereforetheuniverseisexpanding.
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Hubble’sConstantExpansionratemeasuredusingType1ASupernovae.TheageoftheuniversecanbederivedfromHubble’sconstant:◦𝑇" =
$%= $
&'$= (
&'
Forexample,ifH0 =73km/s*Mpc,thenT0 =13.4Billionyearsold
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AgeofUniverseCurrently,aftertakingintoaccountdifferencesinexpansionrateovertimeandourmovementthroughspace:
T0 ~13.7± 0.2GyrAgeofstars:~13.4Gyr ± 6%
Therefore,oldeststarsareyoungerthantheageofuniverse.
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HowtheUniverseExpandsThespacebetweengalaxiesexpands,notthegalaxiesthemselves;objectsheldtogetherbytheirowngravityarealwayscontainedwithinapatchofnonexpandingspace.
Example:raisinsinaloafofbread.◦ Asthedoughrises,theoverallloafofbreadexpands;thespacebetweenraisinsincreasesbuttheraisinsthemselvesdonotexpand.
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CenterofUniverse?ThereisNOCENTERtotheuniverse◦ Expansionlooksthesameregardlessofwhereyouareintheuniverse.
◦ Everypointappearstobethecenteroftheexpansion,thereforenopointisthecenter.
◦ Theuniverseisinfinite.
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ExpandingUniverse
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ExpandingUniverse(CenterofExpansion)
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ExpandingUniverse(Hubble’sLaw)
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ExpandingUniverse(CenterofExpansion)
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ExpandingUniverse(Hubble’sLaw)
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CenterofUniverse?ThereisNOCENTERtotheuniverse◦ Expansionlooksthesameregardlessofwhereyouareintheuniverse.
◦ Everypointappearstobethecenteroftheexpansion,thereforenopointisthecenter.
◦ Theuniverseisinfinite.
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EvidenceforExpansionThelightfromremotegalaxiesandotherobjectsisredshifted.Thisredshiftiscalledcosmologicalredshift becauseitiscausedbytheexpansionoftheuniverse,notbytheactualmovementoftheobject(doppler redshift).
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LookbackTimeThedegreeofcosmologicalredshifttellsyouhowfarintopastyouareseeingtheobjectduetothefinitespeedoflight;thisvalueiscalledLookbacktime.However,thesevaluesarenotalwayscertainbecauseoftheexpansionofuniversewasnotalwaysconstant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg
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ObservableUniverseOlber’s Paradoxissolved:duetothefinitespeedoflight,theobservableuniversedoesnotincludetheentireuniverse.Radiusoftheobservableuniversedependsontheageoftheuniverseandthespeedoflight:~47billionlightyears.Result:Skyisdarkatnightwithpointsoflight(stars,galaxies,etc.)scatteredthroughout.
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OriginsoftheBigBangTheoryGeorgesLemaître (1927)expandedonideaofexpandinguniverse,realizingthattheuniversewassmalleryesterdaythantoday,andsoonuntila“daythatwouldnothavehadayesterday”:themomentofcreation.◦ Themomentofcreationwouldbethesuddenexpansionthatstartedtheexpansionoftheuniverseasweknowittoday.
Thisideawasn’twidelyacceptedatfirst:FredHoyledismissed“thishotBigBang”,notingthattherewasn’tanyrecordorremnants.Hearguedfora“steadystate”universe.
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OriginsoftheBigBangTheoryAlpher &Gamow(1948)suggestedthatiftheuniversewascreatedwitha“hotBigBang”,then:◦ Variouselements,suchasHandHe,wouldbeproducedforafewminutesimmediatelyaftertheBigBangduetotheextremelyhightemperaturesanddensityoftheuniverseatthistime.
◦ Thehighdensitywouldcauserapidexpansion.◦ Astheuniverseexpanded,HandHewouldcoolandcondenseintostarsandgalaxies.
◦ Today,duetocontinuedcooling,radiationleftoverfromtheepochofrecombination,whenneutralatomsformed(~380,000yearsafterBigBang)shouldbeabout3K.
◦ ProductionofHandHeduringthistimeinsteadofjustinH-burninginstarswouldexplainwhytheH:He ratiooftheuniverseishigherthanwhatcould’vebeenproducedbystarsalone.
Gamowhumorouslydecidedtoaddthenameofhisfriend—theeminentphysicistHansBethe—tothispaperinordertocreatethewhimsicalauthorlistofAlpher,Bethe,Gamow,aplayontheGreekletters α, β,and γ (alpha,beta,gamma).
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EvidencefortheBigBangTheoryGamow’stheorywasrevisted inthe1960’sbyBobDickeandJimPeeblesofPrincetonUniversity.◦ Believedthatthiscooledradiationwouldberedshiftedtothemicrowaveregionoftheelectromagneticspectrum.
◦Madeareceivertodetectthisradiation,butwereunsuccessful.
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EvidencefortheBigBangTheoryTheradiation,sofarundetectedbythePrincetonteam,wasposingaproblemforNJBellTelephoneLabs,whereArnoPenziasandRobertWilsonweredevelopinganewmicrowave-satellitetechnologyforphonecalls.◦ Puzzledbysteadyhissthattheyreceivednomatterwhereintheskytheypointedtheirantenna.
◦ ThisfaintbackgroundnoisetheyweretryingtogetridofwasexactlywhatthePrincetonteamwastryingtodetect:evidenceoftheBigBang.
http://nobelprize.org/educational/physics/star_stories/overview/index.html
Signalwasnotfrombirdpoop!!!!
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CMBRadiationDetectionofthisradiation,calledCosmicMicrowaveBackgroundradiation,wonPenziasandWilsontheNobelPrizeforPhysicsin1978.CMBradiationcanbedetectedbyyourtv aswell- 1%ofstaticseenonachannelthatyourtv doesn’treceiveisfromthebirthoftheuniverse.
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CMBRadiationIntensityofCMBRadiationrevealsoriginsofuniverse.◦ However,difficulttodetectintensityfromEarth- theatmosphereisopaquetowavelengths10µmto1cm(CMB~1mm).
COBE(CosmicBackgroundExplorer)1989:detectoroutsidetheatmosphere:◦ MeasuredtheblackbodyspectrumofCMBradiationtobeatT=2.725K- consistentwiththeory.
◦ CMBradiationalmostentirelyisotropic;CMBisslightlywarmerindirectionofLeoandslightlycoolerindirectionofAquarius.
WMAP(WilkinsonMicrowaveAnisotropyProbe)(2002)improvedpictureofCMBRadiation.PLANCKSatelliteanevenbetterpicture
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CMBRadiationIntensityofCMBRadiationrevealsoriginsofuniverse.◦ However,difficulttodetectintensityfromEarth- theatmosphereisopaquetowavelengths10µmto1cm(CMB~1mm).
COBE(CosmicBackgroundExplorer)1989:detectoroutsidetheatmosphere:◦ MeasuredtheblackbodyspectrumofCMBradiationtobeatT=2.725K- consistentwiththeory.
◦ CMBradiationalmostentirelyisotropic;CMBisslightlywarmerindirectionofLeoandslightlycoolerindirectionofAquarius.
WMAP(WilkinsonMicrowaveAnisotropyProbe)(2002)improvedpictureofCMBRadiation.PLANCKSatelliteanevenbetterpicture
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HistoricalObservationsoftheCMBandAnisotropy
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CMBRadiationRadiationappearstobemostlysmooth,butthereareslightvariationsintemperaturethatshowthatmatterhadstartedtoclumpintheearlyuniverse-clumpsofmatterformedthegalaxiesandstarsseetoday.Soundwavesinearlyuniversearerecordedinthisradiation;bystudyingthecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves,wecanfindoutabouttheconditionsoftheearlyuniverse.
http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/A105/LectureXVI/LectureXVI.html
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CMBRadiationRadiationappearstobemostlysmooth,butthereareslightvariationsintemperaturethatshowthatmatterhadstartedtoclumpintheearlyuniverse-clumpsofmatterformedthegalaxiesandstarsseetoday.Soundwavesinearlyuniversearerecordedinthisradiation;bystudyingthecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves,wecanfindoutabouttheconditionsoftheearlyuniverse.
http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/A105/LectureXVI/LectureXVI.html
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HorizonProblemDespiteallofthesuccesswiththeBigBangTheorysofar,thehorizonproblemwasstillyettobesolved.◦ ThetemperatureoftheCMBradiationwasthe~samenomatterwhereyoulookinthesky,indicatingthatsomehowinformationlinkingallpartsoftheskywastravelingfasterthanthespeedoflight.
◦ Also,informationfromonesideoftheskyat100,000yearsold(horizonis100,000lightyearsindiameter)differedfromtheothersideoftheskyby10millionlightyears- 100timesthediameterofthehorizon.
Howisthispossible?
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InflationTheoryAlanGuth (1970s)hadasolution:◦Theuniversemusthaveexpandedexponentiallyveryearlyforashortperiodoftime.◦Thiswouldaccountfortheclumpingofmatter.
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EvidenceforInflationTheoryGuth predictedthattheaveragedensityoftheuniverseshouldbeequaltothecriticaldensity(6protons/m3)◦ Thiswasconfirmedbypowerfultelescopes.
EvidencefromCMBshowsthattheclumpingofmatterisconsistentwiththeamountofacceleratedexpansionduringinflation.
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ExtentofInflationToday,evidenceandtheoryshowthat:AtT=10-35 sec,universed=10-24 cmBetweenT=10-35 secandT=10-32 sec,theuniverseexpandedexponentiallybyafactorof1050..Forthebriefestmoment,theuniverseexpandedfasterthanthespeedoflight.
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BigBangTheory:TimelineofUniverseHubble’sLawshowsthattheuniversehasbeenexpandingforbillionsofyears- theuniverseisdenserthefurtherbackintimeyoulook.Atsomepoint,youreachaninfinitelydensepointatwhich
Tage ofuniverse=0® BigBang
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T=0secondsto10-43 secondsBIGBANGoccurs.Somethingcausesinfinitelydensepointtoexpand(intoNothing).Densityofuniverseissohighthattimeandspacearecurledupandthelawsofphysicsthatweknowtodaydonotapply.Allfourforcesinnaturewereunified.ThisistimeiscalledthePlanckTime.
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SeparationofForcesAfterthePlancktime,thetemperaturehaddecreased1032 Kandgravitywasthefirstforcetoseparate.Theremainingthreeforceswerestillunited- thesearetheconditionsthatparticlephysiciststodaytrytoreplicate.
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T=10-35 to10-32secondsInflationcausedthesizetotheuniversetoincreaseexponentiallybyafactorof1050.Thistimeiscalledtheinflationaryepoch.
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AfterInflationStopsMatteriscreated:◦ InteractionsbetweentheInflationfieldandelementaryparticlesactslikeafrictiontostoptheacceleratedexpansionandthe“heat”offrictionproduceelementaryparticlessuchasphotons,electronsandpositrons,andquarksandantiquarks.
◦ Pairproductioncontinuesuntiloneofparticlecouldnolongerbeproduced- pairannihilationhappens- result:symmetrybreaking.
◦ Reasonforslightexcessofmatteroverantimatterisbecauseofanunknownreactionknownasbaryogenesis,inwhichconservationofbaryonnumberisviolated.
◦ PairProductionoccurreduntilT=6GK,butpairannihilationhappensindependentoftemperature.
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ParticleProductioninEarlyUniverseAsthesizeoftheuniverseincreasesandthetemperaturedecreases,theparticlesproducedareofdecreasingenergy.
Thefundamentalforcesandparametersofelementaryparticlesatthetimethatsymmetrywasbrokenarethesameastheyaretoday.
Thetimebetweenthebirthoftheuniverseandt=10-11 secondsisratherunknown,butwecanspeculatewhatishappeningbasedonotherobservations;beyondthistimeislessspeculativeastheseareconditionsthatparticlephysicisttrytoreplicate.
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T=10-6 secondsTemperaturehascooledenoughforbaryons(Protons,Neutrons)andmesons(pions)toform.
Thestrongforcewinsoverquarks/antiquarksabilitytobounce“freely”.
Oncethetemperaturehasdecreasedenoughandhadronsformquark/antiquarkpairsarenolongermade.
Also,atthistemperature,mostparticlesarenolongermovingrelativistically,sotheuniversebecomesdominatedbythehigherenergyphotons(radiation-dominateduniverse).
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T=fewminutesTemperature~1GK,density~thatofair.Neutronscombinewithprotonsmakingdeuteriumandheliumnuclei,andsomeprotonsremainindependent(hydrogennuclei).CalledBigBangnucleosynthesis.Temperatureisstilltoohightoformatomsastheywouldbeionizedimmediately.Theuniversewouldappearopaqueduringallthistimebecausephotonsandmatterwouldbeinteractingduetohightemperatures.
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T=379,000yearsUniverseisnowcoolenoughthatmatterenergyisgreaterthanradiativeenergy,thusallowingatomstoform.Radiationisdecoupledfrommatterandphotonsarefree-streamedthroughoutspace- originofCMBradiation.Thistimeisknownastheepochofrecombination.Universeisnowmatter-dominated.
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T~400millionyearsSinceepochofrecombination,slightlydenserregionsattractedmatternearbyandthefirststarsbegintoform.Regionscontinuetoacquirematterandotherobjectslikegalaxiesandgascloudsform.Universebeginstolooklikehowweknowittoday(stillexpandingandstillcooling).
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MatterintheUniverseTodayEvidencegatheredfromCMBshowsthatallofthematterintheuniverseiscomposedofthreetypesofmatter:◦ Colddarkmatter(don’tknowwhatthisis)◦ Hotdarkmatter(neutrinos)◦ Baryonicmatter(stuffmadefromneutrons&protons)
Colddarkmatteraccountsfor~82%ofallmatterandhotdarkmatterandbaryonicmattercombinedaccountfortheremaining~18%.
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NatureofExpansionToday
EvidenceofType1asupernovaeandCMBradiationshowthattheexpansionisaccelerating,drivenbydarkenergy.
Darkenergycomprises~72%ofallenergyandpermeatesallspace.
Itislikelythatthisdarkenergyhasalwaysbeenthroughouttheuniverse,butwhentheuniversewasyoungerandmuchsmaller,gravitywasstrongerthandarkenergy.
ThisaccelerationcouldbedescribedbyEinstein’scosmologicalconstant.
Today,darkenergyisstillverymisunderstood.
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Expansion&FateofUniverse
http://startswithabang.com/?p=1724http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2103
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FateoftheUniverse
http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~archung/labs/spring2002/lab07.html
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ResearchTodayToday,particleacceleratorssuchastheLHCaretryingtoreplicateconditionsjustaftertheBigBangsothatweunderstandhowtheuniverseformed.Currently,allcosmicevolutionafterinflationaryepochcanbemodeledanddescribedprettyaccurately,butthetimebeforethis(10-15 sec)isbasicallyunknown;understandingthistimeremainsoneofthegreatestmysteriesinphysics.
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RemainingQuestionsWhatisdarkmatter?Whatisdarkenergy?Candarkenergyandmatterbedetectedandstudiedinlabs?Whathappenedfromthebirthoftheuniverse,attheinstanceoftheBigBang,untiltheendoftheinflationaryepoch?WhatcausedtheBigBang?Whatistheultimatefateoftheuniverse?