PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY OF MARJAD PHYTOPLANKTON DIVERSITY OF MARJAD BAOR OF KALIGANJ UPAZILA, JHENAIDAH, BAOR OF KALIGANJ UPAZILA, JHENAIDAH,
BANGLADESHBANGLADESH By
Md. Ferdous Alam
www.ePowerPoint.com
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
www.ePowerPoint.com
Introduction
Water is the most vital element among the natural resources, and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms.
“Marjad Baor” is a large biologically significant Oxbow lake (NCS, 1991) and declared as an Ecological Critical Area by DoE in 1999.
It is loosing it’s area and natural condition because of anthropogrnic activities.
Agricultural practices are increasing day by day at the surrounding area.
“Marajd Baor” is the main source of income of the adjacent fisherman community and it possess a wide range of biodiversity.
www.ePowerPoint.com
Aims and Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study is to determine the water quality of
the “Marjad Baor through the analysis of its physico-chemical conditions, phytoplankton diversity and their interrelationships.
The present investigation has been taken to achieve the following specific objectives:
To find out the physico-chemical conditions of the Marjad baor.
To find out the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in the Marjad Baor.
To find out the relationship between physico-chemical conditions and phytoplankton diversity in the Marjad Baor.
www.ePowerPoint.com
MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS
www.ePowerPoint.com
Materials and Methods
Location of the Study Area
Present study was conducted at the Marjad Baor, the largest Baor of Bangladesh which is under Kashthabhanga Union of Kaliganj Upazilla.
It is situated at the north of Chaugachha Upazila under Jessore district and at the south – west part of Kaliganj Upazila under Jhenaidah district.
The total area of Marjad Baor is about 253 hectares which is 25 km apart from Kaliganj Upazila.
It is located between the latitude of 23018′27.08″ N to 23018′40.08″ N and between the longitudes of 89004′08.24″ E to 89005′51.78″ E.
www.ePowerPoint.com
Figure 1: Map of the study areawww.ePowerPoint.com
Figure 2: Sampling spot 1 – Hizoltola Ghat
Figure 3: Sampling spot 2 – Nalvanga Ghatwww.ePowerPoint.com
Figure 4: Sampling spot 3 – Middle of the Baor
Figure 5: Sampling spot 4 – Mirzapurwww.ePowerPoint.com
Study period
Country boats were used to collect both water and phytoplankton samples.
Water samples were collected from each spot at a depth of 35-40 cm below the water surface.
The phytoplankton samples were collected from four spots, with plankton net (1 meter long, diameter of 22 cm) of No. 22 silk bolting cloth (Mesh size 0.076 mm).
Collection of water and phytoplankton samples
The present study was carried out from January, 2010 to March, 2010.
The samples were collected for three terms with an interval of one month.
www.ePowerPoint.com
Table 1: List of analyzed parameters Category of parameters Name of the parameters Place of analysis
Physical parameters
Water Temperature and Air Temperature
Field analysis
Transparency
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Chemical parameters
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Free Carbon-Dioxide (CO2)
Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD5)
Laboratory analysis
Carbonate Alkalinity (CO3-)
Bicarbonate Alkalinity (HCO3-)
Calcium Hardness (Ca2+)
Magnesium Hardness (Mg2+)
Total Hardness
Chloride (Cl-)
Phosphate (PO43-)
Nitrate (NO3-)
www.ePowerPoint.com
Table 2: Analytical methods used to determine the Baor
water chemistry and phytoplankton abundance Parameters Unit Methods /Instruments References
Temperature oC Centegrade Mercury Thermometer
Ramesh and
Anbu, 1996
pH - Microprocessor pH meter (HANNA instruments, pH 211)
EC µs/cm TDS meter (H1-9635, portable water proof Multirange Conductivity/TDS meter, HANNA)
TDS ppm TDS meter (H1-9635, portable water proof Multirange Conductivity/TDS meter, HANNA)
DO mg/l Winckler’s method
BOD5 mg/l Winckler’s method
Free CO2 mg/l Welch method
Ca2+ mg/l Titrimetric method
Mg2+ mg/l Titrimetric method
Cl- mg/l Titrimetric method
HCO3- mg/l Welch method
PO43- ppm Ascorbic acid method (Thermospectronic, UV-visible
Spectrophotometers, Helios 9499230 45811)
NO3- ppm Ultraviolet spectrophotometric screening method
(Thermospectronic, UV-visible Spectrophotometers, Helios 9499230 45811)
Phytoplankton Unit/l Electron Microscope and Counting Cell Aphawww.ePowerPoint.com
Calculation for phytoplankton counting
The abundance of phytoplankton groups were calculated according to the following formulae (Welch, 1948).
L
caN
)1000(
Where,N = Number of phytoplankton per liter of original water.a = Average number of plankton in per all counts in the counting cell.c = Volume of original concentration in ml.L = Volume of water passed through the net.
www.ePowerPoint.com
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSION
www.ePowerPoint.com
Table 3: Physico-chemical conditions and phytoplankton abundance of Marjad Baor
- = Not Detected
Parameter Unit Mean value (January–March, 2010)
Spot - 1 Spot – 2 Spot – 3 Spot - 4
Air temperature oC 30.33±2.05 30.67±2.05 29±2.45 28±2.45
Water temperature oC 27±3.27 26.30±2.87 25.30±3.68 24.70±3.30
Transparency cm 50.67±5.0 45.30±3.0 66.30±2.58 62.70±2.87
EC µs/cm 230.67±3.30 230.67±1.25 233.33±4.69 210±1.63
TDS mg/l 109.5±6.4 119.33±0.12 118.30±2.65 106±0.66
pH 7.52±0.21 7.14±0.13 7.53±0.03 7.63±0.15
DO mg/l 8.23±0.05 7.57±0.82 7.03±0.49 8.37±0.33
BOD5 mg/l 1.3±0.08 2.37±0.17 1.10±0.22 1.37±0.21
Free CO2 mg/l 0.07±0.09 0.08±0.08 0.12±0.02 0.02±0.02
CO3- mg/l - - - -
HCO3- mg/l 142.9±2.57 142.3±1.82 130.2±2.0 126.2±1.60
Ca2+ mg/l 68.13 85.65±5.0 68.62±4.64 55.79±3.32
Mg2+ mg/l 19.77±5.12 15.40±3.03 23.80±2.11 23.80±2.11
Total hardness mg/l 87.90±5.12 101.60±2.31 92.42±6.64 79.60±5.15
Cl- mg/l 7.70±0.82 9.56±0.78 7.70±0.82 7.70±0.82
PO43- ppm 0.094±0.004 0.093±0.001 0.091±0.001 0.096±0.006
NO3- ppm 1.65±0.4 1.82±0.22 0.66±0.21 0.82±0.01
Phytoplankton Unit/l 43,416±8,510 36,633±8,684 48,216±7,100 56,900±9,738 = Lowest Value = Highest Value www.ePowerPoint.com
Class Species Total abundance (units/l)Spot - 1 Spot - 2 Spot - 3 Spot - 4
Cyanophyceae
Anabaena sp. 4728 11671 18255 7101Nostoc sp. 15226 7232 10965 18965
Oscillatoria sp. 21634 24083 16346 28253Lyngbya sp. 7998 12418 6567 5360
Gloeocapsa sp. 9378 12290Aphanocapsa sp. 7463 6368Merismopedia sp. 3751 4916Aphanothece sp. 2748 3616
Nodularia sp. 3264 5743Sytonema sp. 3670 4831
Microchaete sp. 2858 3761
Chlorophyceae
Stigeoclonium sp. 3055 4021 5108Uronema elongatum sp. 3205 3363 2980 5907
Chaetophora sp. 2967 3906Rhizoclonium sp. 3426 6337Cladophora sp. 6669 2440 3211Pediastrum sp. 3154 2705Closterium sp. 3621 3363 5873 4489Cosmarium sp. 1993 2612Oedogonium sp. 3790Staurastrum sp. 3176 4180 3465
Myrmecia sp. 3074 2626 2011 2322
Bacillariophyceae
Synedra sp. 4637 2749 3616 6077Fragilaria sp. 2242 2951Melosira sp. 2934 2416 5752Navicula sp. 5952 7715 6683 7801
Pinnularia sp. 3905 3980 4831 5053Gyrosigma sp. 6460 3242 4267 5053Cymbella sp. 4177 6944Cybetta sp. 5035
Nitzschia sp. 7278 2946 2430 8228
Euglenophyceae
Euglena sp. 6409 3968 3776 8399Phacus sp. 3155 4152
Trachelomonas sp. 3192 2748 2170 5890Total 1,30,250 1,09,900 1,44,650 1,70,700
Highest abundant group
2nd highest abundant group
3rd highest abundant group
Table 4: Diversity and abundance of phytoplankton species
www.ePowerPoint.com
Figure 6: Percentage composition of phytoplankton
classes in Spot - 1
53.88%
16.88%
21.87%
7.37%
Cyanophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Bacil lariophyceae
Euglenophyceae
44.45%
21.97%
24.6%
8.98%
Cyanophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Bacil lariophyceae
Euglenophyceae
Figure 7: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 2
www.ePowerPoint.com
48.45%
20.97%
23.6%
6.98%
Cyanophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Bacil lariophyceae
Euglenophyceae
48.37%
19.6%
23.66%
8.37%
Cyanophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Bacil lariophyceae
Euglenophyceae
Figure 8: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 3
Figure 9: Percentage composition of phytoplankton classes in Spot - 4
www.ePowerPoint.com
Parameters Phytoplankton
Spot - 1 Spot - 2 Spot - 3 Spot - 4
Air temperature (oC) - - 1.0** 1.0*
Water temperature (oC) - - 0.999* -
Transparency (cm) -0.901 -0.851 -0.979 -0.553
EC (µs/cm) - - - 1.0*
TDS (mg/l) 1.0** - -0.933 -0.987
pH -0.964 - - -
DO (mg/l) - -0.918 -0.997 -
BOD5 (mg/l) - 0.998* - -0.991
Free CO2 (mg/l) - 0.998* - -0.876
HCO3- (mg/l) -0.792 -0.875 -0.979 1.0**
Ca2+ (mg/l) - -0.872 -1.0* -0.993
Mg2+ (mg/l) -0.792 - -0.936 -0.948
Total Hardness (mg/l) -0.792 -0.569 -0.996 -0.980
Cl- (mg/l) - -0.758 - -
PO43- (ppm) -0.465 - - -0.985
NO3- (ppm) 1.0** - 0.999* -
Table 5: Relationship between different physico-chemical factors and phytoplankton abundance
‘-’negative relationship
‘*’ significant value
www.ePowerPoint.com
Parameters Positively Significant Negatively Significant
Air temperature (oC) Water temperature, EC, NO3-,
Phytoplankton
pH, DO, HCO3-, Ca2+,Total
Hardness
Water temperature (oC) Air temperature, DO, NO3-,
Phytoplankton
TDS, DO, BOD5, Ca2+
Transparency (cm) HCO3- EC
EC (µs/cm) pH, HCO3-, Phytoplankton Transparency, DO
TDS (mg/l) BOD5, Mg2+, NO3-, Phytoplankton DO
pH EC DO, Mg2+, Total Hardness
DO (mg/l) Water temperature, Free CO2, Ca2+,
Cl-
EC, TDS, BOD5
BOD5 (mg/l) TDS, Free CO2, Phytoplankton Water temperature, Mg2+, DO
Free CO2 (mg/l) DO, BOD5, Cl-, Phytoplankton --
HCO3- (mg/l) EC, Transparency, Ca2+, Mg2+, Total
HardnessAir temperature
Ca2+ (mg/l) DO, HCO3-, PO4
3- NO3-, Phytoplankton
Mg2+ (mg/l) TDS, Total Hardness, PO43-, NO3
- pH, BOD5
Total Hardness (mg/l) PO43- pH, NO3
-
Cl- (mg/l) DO, Free CO2 --
PO43- (ppm) Ca2+, Mg2+ --
NO3- (ppm) TDS, Mg2+, Phytoplankton Ca2+, Total Hardness
Table 6: Significant relationship between different physico-chemical factors and phytoplankton abundance
www.ePowerPoint.com
Parameters units Bangladesh standard
Mean values of the parameters at different spot Remarks
SP-1 SP-2 SP-3 SP-4
Water temperature 0C 22-45 27 26.33 25.33 24.67 Within the standard
Transparency cm <100 50.67 45.33 66.33 62.67 Within the standard
TDS ppm ≤ 1500 109.5 119.33 118.3 106 Within the standard
EC µs/cm 500-1500 230.67 237.67 233.33 210 Within the standard
pH - 6.5-8.2 7.52 7.14 7.53 7.63 Within the standard
BOD5 mg/l 3-6 1.3 2.37 1.1 1.37 Within the standard
DO mg/l 6-8.5 8.23 7.57 7.03 8.37 Within the standard
Free CO2 mg/l <10 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.02 Within the standard
Total hardness mg/l 100-200 87.90 101.06 92.42 79.60 Below the standard except SP-2
Total Alkalinity mg/l 20-200 142.9 142.3 130.2 126.2 Within the standard
Ca2+ mg/l 30-100 68.13 85.65 68.62 55.79 Within the standard
Mg 2+ mg/l 5-50 19.77 15.40 23.8 23.8 Within the standard
Cl- mg/l ≤ 150 7.70 9.56 7.70 7.70 Within the standard
PO43- ppm <0.1 0.094 0.093 0.091 0.096 within the standard
NO3- ppm ≤10 1.65 1.82 0.66 0.82 Within the standard
Table 7: Comparison between Bangladesh standards for fish culture and measured values
Sou
rce:
En
vir
on
me
nta
l p
rote
cti
on
ag
en
cy
re
po
rt,
20
07
www.ePowerPoint.com
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
www.ePowerPoint.com
From the above study it can be said that the water of “Marjad Baor” is poorly alkaline and it is a eutrophic lake.
The physico-chemical condition of the baor water is favorable for phytoplankton growth at this time. But some of the parameters are approaching to exceed the standard.
Oscillatoria sp. was the dominant species in most of the spots than Anabaena sp. which may be the main sign of eutrophication.
Addition of domestic wastes, agricultural runoff and other anthropogenic practices are changing the natural quality of water.
If the ecological condition of Marjad Baor can not be restored as soon as possible a huge number of biological diversity will be in threatened condition. So, further study is needed for the better management of the “Marjad Baor”.
www.ePowerPoint.com
THANKS TO ALLTHANKS TO ALL
www.ePowerPoint.com