Download - Physics Experiment Calculations
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
1/43
This Excel package was created as a teacher's aid in the school laboratory / clas
1 A teachers demonstration tool to illustrate data handling
2 A tool for the plotting of graphs both for the experiments themselves or
3 It may also be used to check and plot student data before leaving the la
Created By: James Frawley
Revision: B
Date: 1/7/2009
Helpf l Hints
Copyright James FFor non-commercial
Please leave feedbacSecond Level Suppor
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
2/43
Helpful Hints:
room / computer room. It can be used as:
past exam questions
oratory
awleyurposes only !
k / suggestions on the PhysicsService Homepage Forum
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
3/43
To Measure the Focal Length of a Concave Mirror
Measurement Object Image Focal All data here is measured in units of cm
Distance Distance 1 1 1 Length
u v u v f f Remember:
cm cm cm
1 15.00 60.50 0.067 0.017 0.083 12.02
2 20.00 30.00 0.050 0.033 0.083 12.00 1 + 1 = 1
3 25.00 23.00 0.040 0.043 0.083 11.98 u v f
4 30.00 20.50 0.033 0.049 0.082 12.18
5 35.00 18.00 0.029 0.056 0.084 11.89
6 40.00 17.00 0.025 0.059 0.084 11.93
7 45.00 16.50 0.022 0.061 0.083 12.07
8 50.00 15.90 0.020 0.063 0.083 12.06
9 55.00 15.50 0.018 0.065 0.083 12.09
10 60.00 15.10 0.017 0.066 0.083 12.06
Average Focal Length (cm) 12.03
All data above is measured in units of cm From the Graph we see:
Intercept = 1/f = 0.083 cm^-1
Intercept = 1/f = 0.083
Focal Length = f = 12.05 cm
Focal Length = f = 12.05 cm
cm-1 cm-1 cm-1
cm-1
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
f(x) = -0.994x + 0.083
Focal Length of Concave Mirror
1/v
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
4/43
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090
0.000
1/u
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
5/43
To Measure the Focal Length of a Convex Lens
Measurement Object Image Focal
Distance Distance 1 1 1 Length
u v u v f f
cm cm cm
1 20.00 66.40 0.050 0.015 0.065 15.37
2 25.00 40.60 0.040 0.025 0.065 15.47
3 35.00 27.60 0.029 0.036 0.065 15.43
4 45.00 23.20 0.022 0.043 0.065 15.31
5 55.00 21.50 0.018 0.047 0.065 15.46
6 65.00 20.10 0.015 0.050 0.065 15.35
7 75.00 19.20 0.013 0.052 0.065 15.29
8 85.00 18.80 0.012 0.053 0.065 15.39
9 95.00 18.40 0.011 0.054 0.065 15.41
10 100.00 18.20 0.010 0.055 0.065 15.40
Average Focal Length 15.39
All data above is measured in units of cm
Intercept = 1/f = 0.065
Focal Length = f = 15.38 cm
cm-1 cm-1 cm-1
cm-1
0.000 0.010 0.020 0 .030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0 .070 0.080
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
f(x) = -1.004x + 0.065
Focal Length of Convex Lens
1/u
1/v
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
6/43
Refractive Index of a Glass Block:
Measurement Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of sin i sin r Refractive
Incidence Refraction Incidence Refraction Index
i (Degrees) r (Degrees) i (Radians) r (Radians) n
1 25.0 16.0 0.436 0.279 0.423 0.276 1.53
2 30.0 19.0 0.524 0.332 0.500 0.326 1.54
3 35.0 22.0 0.611 0.384 0.574 0.375 1.53
4 40.0 25.0 0.698 0.436 0.643 0.423 1.52
5 45.0 28.0 0.785 0.489 0.707 0.469 1.51
6 50.0 30.0 0.873 0.524 0.766 0.500 1.53
7 55.0 33.0 0.960 0.576 0.819 0.545 1.50
Average Refractive Index (n) 1.52
n = sin i
sin r
From the Graph:
Slope = n = 1.52
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
f(x) = 1.48x + 0.02
Snells Law - Glass Block
Sin r
Sini
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
7/43
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
8/43
Measurement of the Refractive Index of a Liquid (Water is used here)
Measurement Real Apparent Refractive
Depth Depth Index
cm cm n
Beaker 1 10.70 8.00 1.34
Beaker 2 8.10 6.20 1.31
Beaker 3 7.30 5.50 1.33
Beaker 4 6.10 4.50 1.36
Beaker 5 4.90 3.90 1.26
Average Refractive Index 1.32
Units of cm are used in the experiment above
Slope of Graph = n = 1.32
n = Real Depth
Apparent Depth
Ideal Value for the Refractive Index of Water = 1.330.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
f(x) = 1.37x - 0.29
Refractive Index of a Liquid
Apparent Depth (cm)
R
ealDepth(cm)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
9/43
To Measure the Wavelength of Monochromatic Light (Sodium Vapour Lamp):
Diffraction Grating has: 600 lines/mm
==> Grating Constant (d): d = 1.67E-06 m REMEMBER 1
(lines/mm) x 1000
Spectrometer Zero Error Reading ==> 0.3 Degrees to RHS
n.A = d.sin(Theta)
Order of Angle (Theta) Corrected Angle for Sin Theta Wavelength
Image for nth Image Angle for nth Image
n Measured nth Image Theta A
Degrees Degrees Radians m
LHS2 45.0 45.3 0.791 0.711 5.92E-07
1 20.4 20.7 0.361 0.353 5.89E-07
0 0.3 0.0 0.000 0.000 #DIV/0!
RHS1 20.7 20.4 0.356 0.349 5.81E-07
2 45.2 44.9 0.784 0.706 5.88E-07
Average Wavelength 5.88E-07
... d =
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
10/43
A = d.sin(Theta)
n
A = Wavelength of Light used
Slope of Graph = sin(Theta)
n
Slope = 0.354
A = d x (slope)
A = 5.90E-07 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
f(x) = 0.355x - 0.002
Sin Theta vs. Order of Image
Column F
Linear (Column F)
Order of Image (n)
SinTheta
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
11/43
To Investigate the Laws of Equilibrium for a Set of Coplanar Forces:
Weight of Metre Stick W = 1.20 N
Position of Centre of Gravity CoG = 0.505 m
Note: Use the Centre of Gravity as the Axis of rotation in this experiment
Positions below are read directly from the metre stick
LHS of CoG RHS of CoG
Spring Spring Masses Weights Weight Distance Moment Spring Spring Masses Weights Weight Distance Moment
Balance Balance Position From of Weight Balance Balance Position From of Weight
Reading Position Fulcrum Reading Position Fulcrum
N m kg N m m N.m N m kg N m m N.m
2.0 0.20 0.204 2.00 0.15 0.36 0.71 4.0 0.75 0.183 1.80 0.80 0.30 0.530.00 0.51 0.00 0.122 1.20 0.95 0.45 0.53
0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00
0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00
0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00
0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00
Upward Downward Clockwise Anti- Note: 1 The Net Force acting is approximately zero
Forces Forces Moments Clockwise 2 The Sum of the moments about fulcrum is zero
Moments
N N N.m N.m
6.00 6.19 1.67 1.69
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
12/43
To Show that Acceleration is Proportional to the Force Applied: Scaler Timer Method
Card Length 0.1 m Card Transit Initial Transit Final Acceleration Mass Weight
Length Time 1 Velocity Time 2 Velocity of Card Used Used
Distance Between Gates s = 1.2 m of Card
L u v a m W
Acceler. Due to Gravity g = 9.81 m s s kg N
0.10 0.350 0.29 0.260 0.38 0.03 0.200 1.96
u = L v = L 0.10 0.310 0.32 0.215 0.47 0.05 0.300 2.94
0.10 0.260 0.38 0.178 0.56 0.07 0.500 4.91
a =
2s
L =
t1 t2
m s-2 m s-1 m s-1 m s-2
t1
t2
v2 - u2
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08f(x) = 0.01x + 0.00
Acceleration vs. Force
Force (N)
Ac
celeration(m.s^-1)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
13/43
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
14/43
Measurement of Velocity and Acceleration: Scaler Timer Method
Velocity:Card Length 0.1 m Card Transit Velocity
Length Time of Card
v = L
t L t v
m s
0.10 0.500 0.20
0.10 0.420 0.24
0.10 0.350 0.29
0.10 0.310 0.32
0.10 0.260 0.38
Acceleration:
Card Length 0.1 m Transit Initial Transit Final Acceleration Mass Weight
Time 1 Velocity Time 2 Velocity Used Used
Distance Between Gates s = 1.2 m of Card
Acceleration Due to Gravity: g = 9.81 u v a M W
s s kg N
u = L v = L 0.500 0.20 0.370 0.27 0.01 0.100 0.980.420 0.24 0.300 0.33 0.02 0.150 1.47
0.350 0.29 0.260 0.38 0.03 0.200 1.96
a = 0.310 0.32 0.215 0.47 0.05 0.300 2.94
2s 0.260 0.38 0.178 0.56 0.07 0.500 4.91
L =
m s-1
L =
m s-2 t1 t2
m s-1 m s-1 m s-2
t1
t2
v2 - u2
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
15/43
Conservation of Momentum: Linear Air Track
First Mass 0.3 kg Distance Time for Initial Initial Distance Combined Final Final
Second Mass 0.2 kg Travelled by Mass 1 Velocity Momentum Travelled by Mass Velocity MomentumDistance L = 0.1 m Mass 1 of Mass 1 Combination Time
Final Mass 0.5 kg
u v
m s m s
0.10 0.20 0.50 0.15 0.10 0.35 0.29 0.14
0.10 0.25 0.40 0.12 0.10 0.42 0.24 0.12
0.10 0.32 0.31 0.09 0.10 0.55 0.18 0.09
0.10 0.43 0.23 0.07 0.10 0.75 0.13 0.07
0.10 0.51 0.20 0.06 0.10 0.92 0.11 0.05
0.10 0.70 0.14 0.04 0.10 1.25 0.08 0.04
0.10 0.80 0.13 0.04 0.10 1.63 0.06 0.03
M1 =
M2 =
Mf=
s1 t1 PFINAL s2 t2 PFINAL
m s-1 kg m s-1 m s-1 kg m s-1
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Conservation of Momentum
Column H
Column L
Momentum
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
16/43
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
17/43
Measurement of g: Freefall Method
Height Period Period Period Lowest Period Acceleration
#1 #2 #3 Period Squared Due to
Gravity
H T1 T2 T3 T g
m s s s s
1.20 0.497 0.496 0.496 0.496 0.246 9.76
1.10 0.474 0.474 0.473 0.473 0.224 9.83
1.00 0.451 0.452 0.452 0.451 0.203 9.83
0.90 0.432 0.429 0.428 0.428 0.183 9.83
0.80 0.407 0.407 0.405 0.405 0.164 9.75
0.70 0.378 0.379 0.378 0.378 0.143 9.80
0.60 0.349 0.350 0.349 0.349 0.122 9.85
0.50 0.320 0.322 0.320 0.320 0.102 9.77
0.40 0.287 0.286 0.286 0.286 0.082 9.78
0.30 0.248 0.247 0.247 0.247 0.061 9.83
0.20 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.041 9.71
Average 9.79
g = 2 x h / t^2 slope = 4.90
g = 2 x slope of graph g = 9.80
h = 0.5 x g x t2
T2
s2 m.s-2
m.s-2
m.s-2
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4 f(x) = 4.90x - 0.00
Measurement of g: H vs. T2
Square of Period (T2, s2)
Height(H,m)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
18/43
The Simple Pendulum
Page 18
The Simple Pendulum: Measurement of g
30 Oscillations 1 Oscillation L L g
30 x T (s) T (s) cm m
14.80 0.49 0.24 6.0 0.06 9.73
17.20 0.57 0.33 8.0 0.08 9.61
18.80 0.63 0.39 10.0 0.10 10.05
21.00 0.70 0.49 12.0 0.12 9.67
22.80 0.76 0.58 14.0 0.14 9.57
23.90 0.80 0.63 16.0 0.16 9.95
26.20 0.87 0.76 18.0 0.18 9.32
26.70 0.89 0.79 20.0 0.20 9.97
30.30 1.01 1.02 25.0 0.25 9.6832.60 1.09 1.18 30.0 0.30 10.03
Average 9.76
Slope = 4.03
g = 9.80 m/s/s
T2 (s2) m.s-2
s2/m
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
f(x) = 3.97x + 0.01
Simple Pendulum: T^2 vs. L
Length (L, m)
Sq
uareofPeriod(T^2,s^2)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
19/43
The Simple Pendulum
Page 19
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
20/43
Verification of Boyle's Law
Pressure (P) Volume (V) 1/V P.V
1.50 14.85 0.067 22.3
1.40 15.90 0.063 22.3
1.35 16.50 0.061 22.3
1.30 17.20 0.058 22.4
1.25 17.80 0.056 22.3
1.20 18.60 0.054 22.3
1.15 19.40 0.052 22.3
1.10 20.30 0.049 22.3
1.05 21.20 0.047 22.31.01 22.10 0.045 22.3
Average 22.3
P x V = constant
where k is a constant
V
k = slope = 22.3 for this mass of gas at this specific temperature
105 Pa cm3 cm-3 105 Pa.cm3
P = k x 1
Pa.cm-3
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6f(x) = 22.2x + 0.0
Boyle's Law
Inverse of Volume (cm-3)
Pr
essure(105Pa)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
21/43
Measurement of the Speed of Sou
Page 21
Measurement of the Speed of Sound in Air D = 0.049 m0.3*D = 0.015 m
Frequency Antinode 1 Antinode 2 Wavelength 1/Wavelength Speed of Sound End Correction Revised c = f
F (Hz) L1 (m) L2 (m) (m) c (m/s) e (m) m/s
512.0 0.152 0.491 0.678 1.47 347.14 0.167 341.34
480.0 0.162 0.522 0.720 1.39 345.60 0.177 339.21
426.6 0.185 0.587 0.804 1.24 342.99 0.200 340.72
384.0 0.204 0.657 0.906 1.10 347.90 0.219 335.88
341.3 0.236 0.744 1.016 0.98 346.76 0.251 342.21
320.0 0.251 0.794 1.086 0.92 347.52 0.266 340.06
288.0 0.283 0.888 1.210 0.83 348.48 0.298 342.92
256.0 0.318 0.980 1.324 0.76 338.94 0.333 340.65
AVERAGE 345.67 340.37
Note:
m-1
The graph is plottedfrom the data prior to theend-correctioncalculation
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
f(x) = 347.77x - 2.13
Frequency vs. 1/Wavelength
Inverse of Wavelength (m^-1)
Frequenc
y(Hz)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
22/43
To Plot the Calibration Curve for an Alcohol Thermometer using a Mercury Thermometer as Standard
Standard Length of
Thermometer Column of
Reading AlcoholL
C cm
0.0 40.0
10.0 54.0
20.0 70.0
30.0 98.0
40.0 112.0
50.0 135.0
60.0 155.0
70.0 180.0
80.0 198.0
90.0 220.0
100.0 240.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110f(x) = 0.49x - 16.46
Alcohol Thermometer Calibration Curve
Alcohol Column Length (cm)
Tem
perature(C)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
23/43
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
24/43
Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Page 24
To Measure the Specific Heat Capacity of Water (Electrical Method)
1 Mass of Calorimeter Mc 0.453 kg
Mass of Calorimeter and Water Mcw 0.512 kgMass of Water Mw 0.059 kg
2 Initial Temperature of Calorimeter and Water Tiw 7.5 C
Final Temperature of Calorimeter and Water Tfw 18.3 C
Temperature Change DT 10.8 C
Joulemeter Reading (Energy Supplied) Q 4550.0 J
3 Specific Heat Capacity of Copper Cc 385.0 J/kg/C
Heat Gained By Calorimeter Mc.Cc.dT 1883.6 J
Heat Gained By Water Mw.Cw.dT 2666.4 J (BY CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)
4 Specific Heat Capacity of Water Cw 4184.6 J/kg/C
Heat Energy Supplied = Heat Gained by Calorimeter + Heat Gained by Water
Q = Mc.Cc.dT + Mw.Cw.dT
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
25/43
To Measure the Specific Heat Capacity of Copper (Mechanical Method)Copper filings were used here
1 Mass of Copper Calorimeter Mc 0.425 kg
Mass of Calorimeter and Cold Water Mcw 0.525 kg
Mass of Cold Water Mw 0.100 kg
2 Initial Temperature of Calorimeter and Water Tiw 8.7 C
Final Temperature of Cal., Water and Filings Tfw 12.3 C
Temperature Increase of cal + water dTw 3.6 C
Initial Temperature of Copper Filings Ticf 98.4 CTemperature Decrease of Copper Filings dTcf 86.1 C
Mass of Copper Filings Added Mcf 0.063 kg
3 Specific Heat Capacity of Water Cc 4180.0 J/kg/C
Heat Gained By Water Mw.Cw.dT 1504.8 J
4 Specific Heat Capacity of Copper Cc 386.4 J/kg/C (BY CONSERVATION O
Heat Energy Lost by Copper Filings = Heat Gained by Calorimeter + Heat Gained by Water
Mcf.Cc.dTcf = Mc.Cc.dTw + Mw.Cw.dTw
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
26/43
Measuring the Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
1 Mass of Calorimeter Mc 0.453 kg
Mass of Calorimeter and Warm Water Mcw 0.532 kg
Mass of Warm Water at Start Mw 0.079 kg
Initial Temperature of Calorimeter and Water Tiwc 79.4 C
Final Temperature of Calorimeter, Water and Ice Tfwci 12.6 C
Temperature Fall of Cal and Water DTcw 66.8 C
2 Temperature Rise of Ice DTI 12.6 C
Final Mass of Calorimeter + Water + Ice Mcwi 0.542 kg
Mass of Ice Added Mi 0.010 kg
3 Specific Heat Capacity of Copper Cc 385.0 J/kg/C
Heat Lost By Calorimeter Mc.Cc.dT 11650.3 J
Specific Heat Capacity of Water Cw 4180.0 J/kg/C
Heat Lost By Warm Water Mw.Cw.dT 22058.7 J
Mi.Cw.Dti 526.7 J (BY CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)
4 Latent Heat of Fusion of Water/Ice 3.32E+06 J/kg
Mw.Cw.dT + Mc.Cc.dT = Mi.Cw.Dti + Mi.Lf
Heat Gained By Water at 0 C to raise to T F
Lf
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
27/43
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
28/43
Heat of Vaporisation of Water
Page 28
Measuring the Latent Heat of Vaporisation of Water
1 Mass of Calorimeter Mc 0.453 kg
Mass of Calorimeter and Cooled Water Mcw 0.532 kg
Mass of Water at Start Mw 0.079 kg
Initial Temperature of Calorimeter and Water Tiw 7.5 C
Final Temperature of Calorimeter and Water Tfw 43.3 C
Temperature Rise of Cal and Water Dtcw 35.8 C
2 Temperature Fall of Steam DTs 56.7 C
Final Mass of Calorimeter + Water + Steam Mcws 0.539 kg
Mass of Steam Added Ms 0.007 kg
3 Specific Heat Capacity of Copper Cc 390.0 J/kg/CHeat Gained By Calorimeter Mc.Cc.dT 6324.8 J
Specific Heat Capacity of Water Cw 4180.0 J/kg/C
Heat Gained By Cold Water Mw.Cw.dT 11821.9 J
Heat Lost By Steam Ms.Cw.DTs 1635.3 J (BY CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)
4 Latent Heat of Vaporisation of Water 2.39E+06 J/kg
Mc.Cc.dT + Mw.Cw.dT = Ms.Lv + Ms.Cw.DTs
Lv
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
29/43
Heat of Vaporisation of Water
Page 29
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
30/43
Joules Law
Page 30
Joule's Law: The Heating Effect of an Electric Current
Initial Temp Final Temp Current Temp Change Current Squared
I (A)
22.3 23.4 0.50 1.1 0.25
23.4 27.7 1.00 4.3 1.00
27.7 35.7 1.50 8.0 2.25
34.4 48.3 2.00 13.9 4.00
48.3 68.2 2.50 19.9 6.25
66.5 97.8 3.00 31.3 9.00
T1
(C) T2
(C) T2
T1
(C) I2 (A2)
H = I2x R x t
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
f(x) = 3.34x + 0.43
Joule's Law
TemperatureChange(*C)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
31/43
Joules Law
Page 31
Square of Current (A^2)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
32/43
To Measure the Resistivity of Nichrome Wire
Wire Micrometer Corrected Corrected Cross Measured Lead / Meter Corrected Wire Rc / L Resistivity
Diameter Zero Error Diameter Diameter Sectional Resistance Resistance Resistance Length (L)
mm mm mm m Area (m^2) Rm () Rc () m /m .m
1.324 0.012 1.312 1.31E-03 1.35E-06 1.06 0.86 0.20 0.25 0.80 1.08E-06
1.295 0.012 1.283 1.28E-03 1.29E-06 1.30 0.86 0.44 0.50 0.88 1.14E-06
1.312 0.012 1.300 1.30E-03 1.33E-06 1.50 0.86 0.64 0.75 0.85 1.13E-06
1.306 0.012 1.294 1.29E-03 1.32E-06 1.70 0.86 0.84 1.00 0.84 1.10E-06
1.291 0.012 1.279 1.28E-03 1.28E-06 1.83 0.86 0.97 1.25 0.78 9.97E-07
1.317 0.012 1.305 1.31E-03 1.34E-06 2.10 0.86 1.24 1.50 0.83 1.11E-06
1.320 0.012 1.308 1.31E-03 1.34E-06 2.30 0.86 1.44 1.75 0.82 1.11E-06
1.295 0.012 1.283 1.28E-03 1.29E-06 2.60 0.86 1.74 2.00 0.87 1.12E-061.293 0.012 1.281 1.28E-03 1.29E-06 2.87 0.86 2.01 2.25 0.89 1.15E-06
1.314 0.012 1.302 1.30E-03 1.33E-06 3.08 0.86 2.22 2.50 0.89 1.18E-06
AVERAGE 1.307 1.295 1.29E-03 1.32E-06 0.85 1.11E-06
p = R x A / L
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
33/43
Resistance vs Temperature for M
Page 33
Resistance vs. Temperature Characteristic for a Metallic Conductor
Resistance Temperature
R (Ohms) T (*C)
9.93 13.7
10.28 22.4
10.51 31.6
10.76 43.1
11.32 52.8
11.32 63.2
11.70 71.7
12.23 83.4
12.78 92.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
f(x) = 0.03x + 9.43
Resistance vs. Temperature for a Metallic Conductor
Temperature (*C)
Resistance
(Ohms)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
34/43
Resistance vs Temperature for M
Page 34
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
35/43
Resistance vs Temperature for M
Page 35
90 100
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
36/43
Resistance vs Temperature for M
Page 36
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
37/43
Resistance vs. Temperature Characteristic for a Thermistor
Resistance Temperature
R (Ohms) T (*C)
176.0 11.0
152.0 14.5
83.0 29.0
49.0 41.0
36.0 49.0
24.0 58.0
16.0 68.0
13.0 76.0
9.0 90.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
f(x) = 254.3472534815 exp( -0.0390537077 x )
Resistance vs. Temperature Curve for a Thermistor
Temperature (*C)
Resistance(Ohms)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
38/43
To Investigate the Variation of Fundamental Frequency vs Length for a Stretched String
The Resonance Point is found for a series of tuning forks by varying the Length of the wire
Fundamental Length
Frequencyf L 1 / L f x L
Hz m m.Hz
173.0 0.80 1.25 138.40
193.0 0.70 1.43 135.10
230.0 0.60 1.67 138.00
273.0 0.50 2.00 136.50
335.0 0.40 2.50 134.00455.0 0.30 3.33 136.50
675.0 0.20 5.00 135.00
Slope = 135.6 Hz.m
Product of f x L should be a constant
m-1
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
f(x) = 134.4x + 3.6
Fundamental Freq vs Length for Stretched String
1/Length
F
requency(Hz)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
39/43
Stretched String vs Tension
Page 39
To Investigate the Variation of Fundamental Frequency vs Tension for a Stretched String
The Resonance Point is found for a series of tuning forks by varying the Tension of the string
Fundamental Tension Sq. Root
Frequency Tension
F T
Hz N
264.0 15.0 3.87
304.0 20.0 4.47
342.0 25.0 5.00
371.0 30.0 5.48
402.0 35.0 5.92
431.0 40.0 6.32
456.0 45.0 6.71
Slope = 68.03
T0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
f(x) = 67.79x + 1.34
Fundamental Freq vs. Tension
SQ. Root of Tension
Frequenc
y(Hz)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
40/43
Current vs Voltage Curve for a Metallic Conductor:
Voltage Current Resistance
Volts Amps Ohms
V I R
2.00 0.25 8.03
4.00 0.50 7.94
6.00 0.75 7.97
8.00 0.99 8.06
10.00 1.26 7.96
Average 7.99
Resistance = 1 / slope
Slope = 0.13 A/V
R = 7.69 Ohms
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40f(x) = 0.13x - 0.00
Metallic Conductor
Voltage (V)
Curren
t(Amps)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
41/43
Current vs Voltage Curve for a Filament Bulb:
Voltage Current Resistance
Volts Amps Ohms
V I R
0.00 0.00 #DIV/0!
1.00 0.20 5.00
2.00 0.30 6.67
3.00 0.35 8.57
4.00 0.38 10.53
5.00 0.39 12.82
6.00 0.40 15.19
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Filament Bulb
Voltage (V)
Current
(Amps)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
42/43
Current vs Voltage Curve for a Copper Sulfate Solution with Copper Electrodes:
Voltage Current Resistance
Volts Amps Ohms
V I R
0.00 0.00 #DIV/0!
2.00 0.64 3.12
4.00 1.24 3.23
6.00 1.97 3.05
8.00 2.53 3.16
10.00 3.26 3.0712.00 3.81 3.15
The electrodes take part in the chemical
reaction (anode is consumed here)
This process is called Active Electrolysis
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.00.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5f(x) = 0.32x - 0.00
Copper Sulfate Solution
Voltage (V)
Current(Amps)
-
7/30/2019 Physics Experiment Calculations
43/43
Current vs Voltage Curve for a Semiconductor Diode:
Forward Bias Reverse Bias
Voltage Current Voltage Current
Volts milliamps Volts microamps
V mA V uA
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10 0.70 -0.40 -0.50
0.20 1.30 -0.80 -0.60
0.30 2.30 -1.20 -1.20
0.40 4.10 -1.60 -1.38
0.50 10.00 -2.00 -1.90
0.60 22.00 -2.40 -2.23
0.70 47.00 -2.80 -2.51
0.80 100.00 -3.20 -2.87
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Semiconductor Diode
Voltage (V)
Current(milliAmps)