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Physiographic Regions
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Physiographic Regions ofSouth America
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EASTERNHIGHLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
WESTERNALPINE SYSTEM
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
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Eastern Highlands(cores of Gondwana shield)
• Brazilian Highlands
• Guiana Highlands
• Patagonian Highlands
Striking similarity to geology and fauna in shields in Africa, Australia,India
340-280 mya: ice sheet S. America,Africa, Madagascar
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Divisions of Brazilian Highlands:uplands (2000-3000 ft)
1.Brazilian Highlands
2.Sertão– Paraná Plateau
3.Mato Grosso plateau– Pantanál
4.Serro do Mar (Great Escarpment)
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EASTERN HIGHLANDS
WESTERNALPINE SYSTEM
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
SERRO DO MAR
SERTÃO
MATOGROSSO PLATEAU
PARANÁPLATEAU
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Brazilian Highlands
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Mineral resources: iron ore, diamonds, gold, manganese, tungsten
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Sertão
• semiarid
• eroded
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Paraná Plateaulava plateau; more humid
Iguaçu River flows over edge of plateau
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capivara
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Mato Grosso Plateau
• Upland, rolling hills, mountains, plateaus
• Tributaries of Amazon
• Industrial ores
• Western frontier (Brasilia)
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Brasilia
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Pantanálwithin more humid part of Mato Grosso
region; wetlands
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Pantanál
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Serro do MarGreat Escarpment (up to 9000 ft)
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Cities on narrow coastal plain
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EASTERNHIGHLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
WESTERNALPINE SYSTEM
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
Guiana Highlands
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Guiana Highlands
• Mining
• Agriculture along northern coastal plain
• Some erosional remnants remain– Tepuis: flat-topped mountains
• Average elevation: 4500 ft.
• Some is inaccessible and rugged– Angel Falls (3200 ft. over edge of tepuy)
• World’s highest waterfall
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Angel Falls
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Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock
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EASTERNHIGHLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
WESTERNALPINE SYSTEM
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
Patagonian Plateau
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Patagonian Plateau
• Semiarid
• Series of plateaus that get progressively higher (reaching 5000 ft. until Patagonian Andes)
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Patagonia
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Lake Argentino
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EASTERNHIGHLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
WESTERNALPINE SYSTEM
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
Central Lowlands
Underlain by marine deposits; from a time when shallow seas extended between Guiana and Brazilian Highlands, before Andes emerged
–Much of the lowland region is flooded during rainy season
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EASTERNHIGHLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
WESTERNALPINE SYSTEM
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
Llanos
Amazon basin
Pampas
Gran Chaco
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Llanos• Northern Llanos: flat plains of the Orinoco River• High Llanos: east of Andean foothills
– Good soils, agriculture
• Low Llanos: savannas; cowboys & cowgirls
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Orinoco River
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Gran Chaco
• Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil
• Lowland alluvial plain• Arid• Cattle ranching• Cotton, peanuts,
meat, hides
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Pampas• Temperate grassland
plain• From southernmost
Brazil, across Uruguay, to Colorado River in Argentina
• Fertile soils• cattle, sheep (gauchos)• Grain, flax, soy,
sunflowers, vegetables
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Part of La Plata – Parana Basin
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Ombu
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Amazon basin(wetlands and Amazon floodplain)
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Amazon
• ¾ size US• Greatest reserve of
biodiversity• 170 Indian cultural groups• Largest continuous
stretch of tropical rain forest
• Greatest carbon sink on earth
• 20% world’s available fresh water
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EASTERNHIGHLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
WESTERNALPINE SYSTEM
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
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EASTERNHIGHLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
CENTRAL LOWLANDS
EASTERN HIGHLANDS
Andes
Altiplano
Atacama Desert
CentralValley of Chile
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Andes
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subduction
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Central Range Andes, Colombia
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Andes in Patagonia
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Andes
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Altiplano
• Intermontane plateau between eastern and western ranges of Andes
• In Bolivia and Peru
• averages 12000 ft.
• Lake Titicaca is northern limit
• La Paz
• salares
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llareta
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Atacama Desert
• 2000 miles long
• Driest place on earth– Rains once every ten years
• Collect water from fog
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Fog collectors
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Central Valley, Chile
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• Highly urbanized
• Rich in nitrates and copper
• Irrigated commercial agriculture– For Northern markets
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Physiographic Regions ofMexico, Central America and
Caribbean
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Neovolcanic Range
Southern Highlands
Eastern Sierra Madre
Western Sierra MadreMesa del Norte
Mesa Central
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Neovolcanic Axis
• In Mexico• Series of volcanoes• Subduction of Cocos
plate beneath North American
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Neovolcanic Axis
• In Mexico• Series of volcanoes• Subduction of Cocos
plate beneath North American
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Central American volcanic axis
• parallels Pacific coast from Panama to Chiapas
• Cocos plate subducts beneath Caribbean plate
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Central American volcanic axis
• parallels Pacific coast from Panama to Chiapas
• Cocos plate subducts beneath Caribbean plate
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• Volcanoes (7000 – 12000 ft)
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Interior highland region of Central America consists of ash-filled valleys.
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Caribbean
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• Summits of a submerged mountain chain, continued in mountains of Honduras
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2 volcanic arcs
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Lesser Antilles
• Two volcanic arcs :1. Outer Arc (older):
• Anguilla• St. Martin• St. Barthélemy• Barbuda• Antigua• Marie Galante• Eastern Guadelope• Barbados (part) Arid; mineral poor;Not volcanically active
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Lesser Antilles
• Two volcanic arcs :2. Inner Arc
(younger):• All the rest!
Volcanically active; fertile soil; abundant rainfall