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PIA 2528Governance, Local Government and Civil Society
Week Six
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Historical Patterns
Land, Rural Development and Human Resource Development
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Overgrazing in Latin America
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Governance and Sovereignty
"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does"
- Anonymous
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Executive Governance
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Historical Patterns of Governance Paternalism- Empires
Monarchy, Theocracy and Authoritarianism
Authority Linked to the Control of Land (and Water)- Feudalism
Capitalism and Property Rights
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Three Sub-Themes
Governance:
Land and Water Use
Rural Change
Human Skills Development and Agriculture
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The Evolution of the Rural Community
1. Hunter-gatherers: Age-grade societies
2. Settled Subsistence Agriculturalists
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San or Basarwa of Southern Africa
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The Evolution of the Rural Community-2
3. Cattle Keeping
4. Plantations, Commercial Farms and Agri-Business
5. So-Called Communal Tenure
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Indian Cattle Keeping
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Traditional: Communal
The term is misleading- there are an infinite number of land relationships- Note Three
1. Use same land for individual benefit (cattle rearing)
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Communal Land
2. People use same land and pool proceeds- aspiration in socialist countries. (Communalism):
Little evidence in traditional society
COLLECTIVE FARMS AND FARM FACTORIES
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Soviet Collectives
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Communal Land
3. Individual use of land for individual gain
a. without legal tenure
b. no sale or disposal of land
c. no collateral
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Property Rights
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Modernization- Western (and to some Colonial) Land Divisions
a. Individual ownership and control of land with rights of transfer, inheritance and sale
b. Usufruct: Leasing of Land
c. Landed elites- landed aristocracy
d. MNCs as plantation farmers- Firestone, Dole and Unilever
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Usufruct- “On the halves”
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Issue of Usufruct
Usufruct is the legal right to use and derive profit or benefit from property that belongs to another person
Share Cropping: “Farming on the Halves”
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Land Reform - Action and Research in Scotland
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The Problem of Landlordism Tenancy relationship to large hacienda,
plantation or commercial agricultural enterprise
In much of the world, Land is traditional controlled by land-lords
Vast majority of rural peasants in some form of tenancy relationships
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Ecuador Hacienda
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Landlordism
Serfdom: legal linkage to land and ownership
Small scale subsistence agriculturalist- produce for food
Reality: Peasants- dependency relationship to land
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Serfs vs. Slaves?
Russian Serfs Alexander I Freeing the Serfs
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Rural Socialism as an ideology in the 1960s
1. Peasant collectives and Communal state farms- Soviet Union
2. Voluntary collectives- Ujamaa villages in Tanzania
3. Move the peasant away from individualized production (China)
4. Ideal: village level economies of scale
5. Reality: Failure- Collectives, prefectoralism and state enterprises (State Agri-Collectives)
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Tanzania Socialism
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Individual Land Tenure: Results
Landless Rural Workers- Sell their labor in cities, to plantations, to small farmers or as a labor export (regionally or internationally)
The realities and limits of collective finance: From Burial Societies to micro-credit schemes
How to define individual relationship to land: FAILURE OF LAND TENURE REFORM
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Zimbabwe
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Rural Development and civil society
Induced Rural Transformation-Approaches
1. Radical Transformation- urbanizationa. Primacy of
Industrialization
b. Emphasis on infrastructure and mechanization of farming
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Cuba
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Rural Development
2. Green Revolution: Variant of above. Capital intensive and export oriented. (Landlordism?)
a. Focus is primarily on Technical (seeds, equipment- focus is on extension and technical)
b. Economies of scale mean large farms
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Rural Development
3. Small holder approach- Primacy is on rural sector
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
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Green Revolution: Two Views
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Rural Development and Governance
1. Primacy of social development, health, education, community development
2. Small holder peasant sector
3. Stresses the importance of individual land tenure and producer cooperatives in marketing
4. Links with local government structures: Village Development Committees
5. Role for Civil Society Groups
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Rural Cooperatives
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China
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Problem: Critics of “Capitalist” Commercial Farming- LDCs Lack of an Alternative and Failure of Collective
Agriculture
Failure of and agricultural transformation except for parts of Southeast Asia (plus war and weather)
Lead to the decline of the state and the intervention of NGOs - Relief and Humanitarian activities
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The Image Projected
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Coffee Break
Fifteen Minutes
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The Problem
Planning for Local Government and Rural Development
Need Local Government Institutions
1. District Administration: D.C. 2. Traditional Leaders-Kgotla 3. District Councils 4, Land Boards 5. District Development Committees
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Kgotla- Traditional Assembly
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Human Resource Development
L. Picard- Botswana Study
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Local Government Training Plan
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Local Government Structurein Botswana
Approved by the National Assembly in December 1981
GOVERNMENT PAPER NO. 1 OF 1981
Gaborone, Republic of Botswana
“Proof of Government's concern is shown by a recently commissioned study of Manpower and Training Needs of the unified local government Service, 1982-1992) by Dr. Louis A. Picard of the Institute of Development Management (I.D.M).”
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Table 1: Education and Training Needs of Unified Local Government Service – Summary by Position Classification of Those in Post, February, 1981
* Vacancies include expatriates in position
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Table 2: Sample Table of Cadre Manpower and Training Positions*
* Footnotes to be provided for explanation of assumptions
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Local Government in Action
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Table 3: Summary of Manpower and Training Needs, 1982 – 1992, by ‘A’ and ‘B’ Posts
Total 1990
Establishment New Posts
Resignations/ Dismissals
Retirements Existing
Employees to be Trained
Vacancies to be Filled
by Training
Total Number to be
Trained
All ‘A’ Positions
All ‘B’
Positions
1338
3669
571
1571
221
827
170
203
344
1118
248
368
1554
4095
Total
5007 2150 1048 373 1462 616 5649
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Table 4a: Proposed Training Programme:Treasury/Revenue Cadre
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Table 4b: Proposed Training Programme:Treasury/Revenue Cadre, cont.
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Table 5: Sample of a Cadre Training Scheme
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Table 6: Summary, Student/Week to be Trained
Summary of Student Weeks to be Trained for all Institutions, 1982 – 1986
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End of Session Discussion
Group Discussion: Four Minute Presentation on Rural Governance in each Region
Africa South Asia/Southeast Asia Latin America/Caribbean South Asia
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Discussion: Cumulative Issues
land use, water, basic Needs NGOs, grassroots institutions and civil
society in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia and the Middle East.
Implications on Local Government, Civil Society and Governance
Human Resource Skills and Rural Change Democracy
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Regional Patterns: Governance (Readings)
Break into Groups for Fifteen Minutes
Identify the (reading) source for your presentation
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Summary Discussion
What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society So Far?
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“Picard’s Book Club”
Towards Asmara- Thomas Kennealy
Train to Pakistan- Kushwant Singh
Theme: Two Trips and Governance Change
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Thomas Keneally
Born: Sidney Australia, 1935
Author: Schindler’s Ark (List)
Towards Asmara- written 1989 (Eritrean Independence
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Kushwant Singh
Born: 1915- Hadali, now in Pakistan
Historian, Journalist and Novelist
Last Train to Pakistan written in 1956