PIG P
RODUCTION
CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION
1.Introduction –
• Sow cycle
2.Breeding –
• Breeds and characteristics
3.Feeding –
• Feeding of different classes of pigs
4.Housing –
• Space requirements
• Working out pen requirements
BREEDINGTypes of breeds-3 namely
• Large white• Landrace• Duroc • Mukota
LARGE WHITE PIC
LANDRACE PIC
DUROC PIC
MUKOTA PIC
CHARACTERISTIC-LW
• Originally from uk• Widely used in commercial pig
breeding as a parent of sows and as a terminal sire
• Breed characteristics• Large,white –coated pig with prick
ears• Have erect ears and slightly dished
faces• Has a white color,pink skins and long
deep sides
CHARACTERISTICS-LR
• White hogs with floppy eras that hang parallel to the bridge of their nose
• Known for their mothering ability, large litter sizes and good milking ability
• When harvested landraces are known for producing high percentage of carcass weight
• They cross well with other breeds and produce long bodied offspring
• Most widely used as foundation stock for hybrid gilts for commercial breeding
• Breed characteristics
• Landrace have white skin and are mostly free from black hair
• Are long lop-eared pig with long middle, light front quartes and excellent ham development
• Have good meat structure and maternal abilities
• Very efficient at converting food to meat and produce little excess fat
• Known for their rapid growth when young, typically reaching a heavier weight at weaning than other breeds.
• Faults with the original-leg weaknesses, spray legs and nervous disorders
CHARACTERISTICS-DR
• Deep red and mahogany in color• Have floppy ears• Very prolific, good longevity and are noted for
outstanding terminal siring ability• Known for lean gain efficieny, carcass yields
and muscle quality• Have medium length and slight dish of the face• The boar is known to be one of the most
aggressive of the pig breeds• Sows are docile and have good mothering
ability
CHARACTERISTICS-MKT
• Indigenous breed• A hardy black pig• Good resistance to disease and poor
nutrition and require little water• Reproduction follows an annual rhythm
with peak farrowing in the early rainy season
• Mean litter size between 6.5-7.5• Carcass yield is about 30% less from
exotic large white but is considered tasty • They have moderate parasite tolerance
greater than the imported breeds
CHARACTERISTICS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PIG BREEDING
Boar Line: ‑ Daily gain
- Feed Conversion Rate
‑ Relation between Lean Meat / Fat
‑ …
Sow Line: ‑ No. of piglets born alive
‑ No. of piglets weaned
‑ Interval weaning – next service
‑ Mortality
- Longevity
- …
Fatteners: ‑ mortality (survival)
‑ daily growth
‑ feed conversion rate
‑ fat deposition
‑ slaughter quality
FEEDING OF PIGS
-Summarize feeding for different classes of pigs-
Feeding preg sowDuring the gestation period, the requirement for nutrients changes continuously.
A gestating sow needs feed for maintenance, uterine growth and for her own body-weight gain.
first parity later parities
or: small sows or: bigger sows
Day of weaning: N.A. 0
Next day until service 3-3.53.5-4
First 2 months (day 0-60) 2.0 2.25
Then (day 61-85) 2.5 2.75
Last month (day 85-112) 3.253.5
Last days (112-farrowing) 2 2
Day of farrowing 0-1 0-1
FEEDING
Feeding of lactating sows• approx. 24 hours around farrowing: 0 - 1 kg
• 1st day : 1 kg
• After this first day increase the allowance gradually (daily increments of 0.5 kg) until the ‘target feed allowance' is reached
• Target feed-allowance: 1.5 kg + 0.5 kg per piglet
Feeding of suckling piglets • Piglets start their lives drinking their dam's colostrum and milk
• , creep feed, the practice of providing feed to suckling piglets, serves three purposes:
• Piglets will be weaned with higher weights
• Their digestive systems have been challenged to develop and produce enzymes, thus preparing them for a ration without milk, after weaning
• Sows, and especially gilts, will lose some less weight as their piglets will eventually drink less when they start eating additional solid feed
FEEDING
Feeding of weaners up to 20-25 kg• after weaning piglets are best fed
ad lib to stimulate feed-intake and to maximize growth-rate
Feeding of growing / finishing pigs• The feed al lowance or ration deter mines both growth rate
and product (car cass) quality in growing pigs.
• At one extreme severe feed restriction can seriously slow down growth-rate and cause pigs to be so lean that they are hardly edible
Energy level of the feeds: 3200 kcal DE/kg
ADG 650 grsKgs feed/pig/day
ADG 700 grs
Week Liveweight Liveweight 12345678910111213141516171819
23 - 2626 - 2929 - 3333 - 3737 - 4141 - 4545 - 50 50 - 5454 - 5959 - 6464 - 6969 - 7474 - 79 79 - 8484 - 8989 - 9595 - 100100 - 105105 - 110
1.31.41.61.71.81.92.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.82.92.9
1.01.11.2
1.41.51.71.82.02.12.32.42.62.72.82.93.03.13.1
23 - 2626 - 2929 - 3333 - 3737 - 4141 - 4646 - 5151 - 5656 - 6161 - 6666 - 7272 - 7878 - 8383 - 8989 - 9595 - 100100- 106106- 111
Examples of possible feeding schemes for different growth potentials
FEEDING
Feeding of replacement stockFeeding replacement stock is very much like
feeding fattening pigs. The diff erence is: we do not want maximum daily gains
This slower growth rate (compared to fatteners) can be achieved by:
Restricting feed intake more severely;
Offering feed with lower energy level.
Feeds or diets for replacement stock:
20 - 45 kg : starter feed
45 kg-service : lactating sow feed (or special rearing feed)
after service : gestating sow feed
FEEDING
Feeding of boars• Boars require feed for maintenance
and production, which is: growth, mating and production of semen .
• The feeds suitable for boars are: all sow feeds except the gestating-sow types, which are too poor in protein and amino-acids
Feed type
Class fed
Period fed
Level and mode
remarks
B&S feed
boar From 6mnths till culling
1.5-2.5kg /head/day fed wet or dry
Adjust according to condition
B&s feed
Sow(lactating)
During lactation
2kg+1/2kg/per piglet
being nursed. Wet feeding
Frequent feeding to encourage intake
Sow feed
Dry sow Btwn weaning and servicing
3-4kg/head/day.wet or dry feeding
Level helps sow to quickly come on heat
Sow feed
Pregnant sow
Btwn weaning and farrowing
2kg per head/day.wet or dry feeding
Overfeedind causes farrowing prob
Creep feed
Suckling piglets and weaners
Week 1-8 adlib Creep feeding reduces digestive probles at weaning
Colostrum and ordinary milk
Suckling piglets
Birth to weaning
Ad lib(unrestricted)
Must for all pigs
Sow feed
gilts 6 months till farrowing
2kg/head/day wet feed or dryy feeding
Adjust ration during flusshing
Grower feed
growers 8 weeks to 60 kg
Adlib or restricted
If restricted feed twice per day
Finisher feed
finishers 60 to slaughter
Adlib or restricted
Same as above
water All classes
Throughout life
adlib Water must be cool and clean
HOUSING OF PIGS
The objectives of housing pigs are:
• protection from climatic extremes
• enabling better management
• protection against theft
In the following presentation we will discuss the following issues
1.Spacing requirements
• It’s important that we have the right number of pigs in a pig sty.
• Overcrowding can result in depressed growth in addition to transmission of disease
• Spacing guidelines
HOUSING
CLASS AREA(SQUARE METER)
Sow pen 1.7-2.0
Farrowing pen including crate
6.2
Porkers(pen including dunging area)
0.73/pig
Baconers(pen including dunging area)
0.93/pig
Trough space per pig
Light porkers 0.2
Heavy porkers 0.25
Baconers 0.3
Gilts/sows 0.35
HOUSING
2. PEN REQUIREMENT WORKOUT
Starting points
• the number of sows on the farm;
• the expected number of litters per sow per year;
• the weaning age;
• what kind of weaner pens the farmer wants to use;
• whether the farmer wants to use A.I. or natural mating;
• whether he wants to select his own young breeding stock or buy them from outside and at what age;
• what type of housing for dry and pregnant sows (group or individual);
• the expected culling rate;
• the expected growth of the piglets;
• days needed for desinfection and cleaning;
• the expected growth for the fatteners;
• the number of animals per pen.
HOUSING
The number of places or pens can be calculated as follows:
Assumptions
• Weaning age 5 weeks
• 20 weaners produced per sow per year
• 18 pigs are sold per sow per year
• Sows enter farrowing house 1 week before farrowing and the pens are rested for a week after weaning
• Weaners occupy weaner pens for three weeks and the pens are rested for 5 days
• Fatteners occupy the fattening pens for 105 days and the pens are rested for 3 days
HOUSING
FARROWING PLACES
• Farrowings per year 100*2.0=200
• With a seven week occupation period the number of times the same farrowing place can be used=52/7=7
• No. of farrowing places required=200/7=29
HOUSING
DRY SOW PLACES• The sow is weaned after 5 weeks• The sow enters the farrowing house a week
before farrowing .At 2 litters per sow year a period of (6*2)=12 weeks is spend away from dry –sow housing.the period the sow is in the dry sow pens is 40 weeks
• The number of dry sow places required is 40*100/52=77
• If sows are housed 8 in a pen• No of pens required=77/8=10
HOUSING
Weaner pens• Output of weaners per year
=100*2*10=2000weaners• Weaners stay in the weaner pens for
three weeks with the pen being rested for 5 days
• Batches per year=365/26=14 batches• No of pigs /batch=2000/14=143 pigs• At 12 weaners/pen the number of pens
required=143/12=12pens
HOUSING
Fattening pens• Pigs occupy the fattening pens after 6 weeks
• Fatteners are marketed when they are about 51/2 months of age allowing 3 days cleaning between batches the number that can use the same facility per year is 365/109=3.3
• Output per year is 100*18=1800
• For a 100 sow unit the number of pigs per batch is 100*18/3.3=545
• 545 fattening places are required per time
• At 15 pigs /pen the number of pens required is 530/15=34 pens