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Plant Structure & Plant Structure & FunctionFunction
Last revised April, 2009
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Before land plants…various forms of algae
Green algae thought to be predecessor to land plants
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Four Main Types Four Main Types of Land Plantsof Land Plants
• Bryophytes – liverworts, mosses
• Pteridophytes – ferns, horsetails
• Gymnosperms – pines, cycads
• Angiosperms – flowering plants
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Bryophytes
Liverwort
Moss
Hornwort
Hornwort
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Bryophytes• Fossil evidence indicates:
–EARLIEST PLANTS (475 mya)
–They were the ONLY land plants for first 100 million years!
• Diverged BEFORE vascular plants
• Alternation of generations
• Gametophyte dominant form
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Pteridophytes
Club Moss Whisk Fern
Horsetail; Equisetum Fern
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Pteridophytes• Seedless Vascular
Plants
• Pteridophyte roots derived from subterranean stems
• Lack seeds
• Alternation of generations
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Pteridophytes• Fern sperm cells
are flagellated
• Must swim through film of water to reach eggs.
• Must have damp habitats
Sporangia on fern leaf
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Carboniferous Period• Seedless vascular plants like club
moss and whisk ferns formed forests during the Carboniferous period
• 299-360 mya
• Coal forming forests
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Seed Plants Evolve• Reduction of the gametophyte
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Seed Plants
• Two clades:–Gymnosperms (360 mya)
–Angiosperms (140 mya)• Produce flowers and fruits
• Most diverse
• 250,000 known species (vs. 720 gymnosperm)
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Gymnosperms•“Naked seeds”
•Ginkgo
•Cycads
•Gnetophytes (ephedra)
•Conifers
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Gymnosperms
cycad
ginkgo
Gnetophyte
Norway spruce pinecone
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p.605
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Angiosperms• Flowering plants
• Flower is specialized organ for reproduction
• Monocots and Dicots
• “Double Fertilization”
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Angiosperms• Double fertilization
–One sperm unites with egg to form diploid zygote
–Other sperm unites with two nuclei at center of female gametophyte – this forms triploid nucleus
–Becomes ENDOSPERM to nourish the zygote during development
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Anthers with pollen
Watch Campbell animation of Plant fertilization and seed development
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Three Basic Three Basic OrgansOrgans
• Leaves
• Stems
• Roots
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Dermal Tissue• “skin” of the plant
• Waxy cuticle
• Helps plant retain water
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Vascular Tissue• Xylem
–Conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots to shoots
• Phloem–Transports food made in the leaves to
the roots and other non-photosynthetic parts
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Ground Tissue• Neither dermal nor vascular
• In dicots – pith and cortex
• Functions:–Photosynthesis
–Storage
–Support
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Plant Tissues
• Division of labor
• Three basic types:–Parenchyma
–Collenchyma
–Sclerenchyma
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Parenchyma• Thin, flexible walls
• Large central vacuole
• Typical plant cells – least specialized
• Performs main metabolic functions
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Parenchyma
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Collenchyma• Thicker primary walls
• Grouped in strands or cylinders
• Support structure
• (strings of celery)
• Living, flexible, no lignin, elongate with stems
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Collenchyma
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Sclerenchyma• Support elements of plant
• Thick secondary walls with lignin
• Many are dead at functional maturity
• Stop growing in length
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Sclerenchyma
Fiber Cells
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Sclerids
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Meristems• Cells that divide and provide plant
growth
• Primary Growth– Root meristem
• For roots to ramify through soil
– Apical meristem• for plant to grow in length
• Secondary Growth– Lateral meristem
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ROOTS
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Stems
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Stomata
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Tree Trunk
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p758
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